Trade liberalization and countermeasures

ABSTRACT This brief explores an analytical lens to compare how beef export policies are designed under different market assumptions. The competitive advantage of beef exports depends largely on the underlying “design philosophy”, rather than on factors generally considered, such as quality,...
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ABSTRACT This paper analyzes recent shifts in U.S. tariff policy toward strategic protectionism and their implications for Japanese agriculture. Japan’s heavy reliance on imported agricultural products and fertilizers, coupled with an aging farming population, exposes structural vulnerabilities...
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ABSTRACT From January to May 2025, the Trump administration reaffirmed protectionist trade measures aimed at reducing trade deficits and encouraging domestic manufacturing. President Donald Trump's second term began with a renewed focus on "America First" economic strategies, with tariffs at the...
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ABSTRACT Amid ongoing trends of global trade liberalization, duck eggs constitute one of the few livestock and poultry products actively exported from Taiwan. Nevertheless, the industry has encountered mounting production-related vulnerabilities in recent years. These include the recurrent...
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ABSTRACT This study explores the impact of non-tariff measures (NTMs) on the agricultural exports of Lao PDR, with a focus on the coffee sector. As a key agricultural product with substantial export potential, Lao coffee faces several challenges, particularly related to sanitary and...
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