ABSTRACT
Geopolitical risks and military conflicts increasingly shape global food and energy systems, triggering ripple effects across agriculture, supply chains, and sustainability efforts. The Russia-Ukraine conflict and recent U.S.-Iran tensions have highlighted major disruptions to global...
ABSTRACT
The palm oil industry is a major pillar of Indonesia’s economy, providing large-scale employment, generating substantial foreign exchange earnings, creating strong multiplier effects, and supporting regional economic growth and infrastructure development. Sumatra Island is one of...
ABSTRACT
Taiwan faces compounding agricultural challenges: a subtropical climate prone to typhoons and drought, an aging farm workforce, shrinking arable land, and a food import dependency exceeding 60% of caloric supply. Against this backdrop, the government has progressively assembled a...
ABSTRACT
Food-crop agricultural biomass in Indonesia is increasingly promoted as a renewable energy resource, often framed as abundant crop “waste” that can be converted. This paper explicitly focuses on crop residues from food-crop agriculture—such as rice, maize, and other staple crops—and...
