ABSTRACT
The agricultural sector plays a major role in the Indonesian economy. Despite the transformation of the economic structure, particularly the development of industrial and service sectors, these changes have not reduced rural poverty or achieved food security. The main purpose of this study was to identify, analyze, and recommend policy options and strategies for agricultural development. The findings are based on a study of the implementation of food security and agricultural extension policies in terms of poverty alleviation efforts in rural development. The agricultural sector has absorbed most of the labour force, and many poor people in rural areas have benefited from its development. The methodology incorporates both descriptive and analytical examinations of the research subject. Accordingly, a documentary study and primary research has been conducted over the past ten years to analyse food security policies and strategies based on a before-and-after analysis of the implementation of the Food Self-Sufficiency Village Program. The method also utilized a Participatory Poverty Analysis (PPA) approach. The existing policy and recommended policy framework were analysed based on the implementation of policies at the rural level. The government's role is to ensure that a food security policy is in place, providing guidelines for achieving food stability in terms of supply, accessibility, consumption, quality, and safety of food consumed by households. A lack of supply and availability of food can lead to food insecurity, which in turn contributes to poverty, especially in rural areas. Rural communities are significantly affected by poverty and food insecurity. Therefore, it is necessary for the government to focus on rural development to achieve the overall goal of sustainable development. Food security and poverty reduction are crucial components of development policy. The government plays an important role in this policy, especially in a highly populated country like Indonesia. It is proposed that the current food security framework be revised to ensure that the poverty reduction strategy is more effectively implemented.
Keywords: Food security policy, Agricultural extension policy, Strategic policy framework, Indonesia
INTRODUCTION
Integrated agricultural policies on food security and poverty reduction are not new. Many studies have shown how agricultural policy contributes positively to poverty alleviation. The government needs to make a comprehensive effort to promote effective policy implementation for poverty reduction and food security (Rusliyadi et al., 2019).
Numerous agricultural policies have been launched in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas. However, the impact and implementation have not been significant, as indicated by data on the poverty rate and percentage of poor people. In rural areas, 16.56% of the population is considered poor, higher than in urban areas, where the rate is 9.87%. A major issue in measuring poverty in Indonesia is the reliance on the basic needs approach. The largest contributor to the poverty line in this measurement is the food component, at 32.81%, while non-food components contribute 6.35% (CBS, 2021).
Challenges in food security development are linked to high population growth, limited natural resources, shifting agricultural land use, inadequate infrastructure for food sector businesses, increased competition from imported goods, and a high number of poor people (Paasch et al., 2010). Additionally, demand for food per capita increases over time, driven by rising incomes, health awareness, and dietary changes influenced by globalization and various community activities. In Indonesia, poverty and food security remain major problems. Food insecurity is widespread in many regions and is positively linked to poverty.
People facing poverty generally struggle to meet critical needs such as food, nutrition, health, and education. Data from the National Food Security Agency (2020) indicates that most people in Indonesia consume less energy and protein than recommended, below the 2,000-kcal per capita per day guideline (CBS, 2020). Over 127.9 million people, more than 53% of Indonesia's population, consume between 1,322 and 1,988 kcal per capita per day, or 66.6% - 99.0% of the recommended dietary allowance.
Another challenge in poverty reduction is food intake per capita, which is relatively high in Indonesia. Total consumption for the entire population per year exceeds total domestic food production. For instance, rice, the staple food in Indonesia, is crucial to the economy. Indonesia is the world’s third-largest paddy producer, with an annual output of 54.8 million metric tons of rice in 2023 (CBS, 2023). Rice provides an economic boost to approximately 13.6 million farmers, 65% of whom are poor smallholders with less than 0.5 ha of land. About 21 million people work in the rice sector. However, rice consumption exceeds production by about 5%, making Indonesia one of the world’s largest rice importers.
Indonesia faces a significant data challenge in poverty reduction due to the high food intake per capita, which is relatively high in the country. The projected food demand surpasses domestic production capacity, leading to concerns about food insecurity, malnutrition, and poverty for around 26 million low-income individuals (Firdaus et al., 2023). Efforts to address poverty in Indonesia are hindered by the need for accurate poverty data interpretation, which can be influenced by political interests and organizational risks, impacting the formulation of effective poverty alleviation policies (Fanggidae, V., 2012). The accuracy of poverty program targeting is crucial, as studies show that poverty dynamics within a three-year period contribute to inclusion and exclusion errors, necessitating periodic updates to the beneficiary database to enhance targeting precision (Dewi, R. K. et al., 2014). The challenge of reducing poverty in Indonesia remains pressing, with a large population living in severe poverty and vulnerability to poverty shocks, emphasizing the importance of well-designed poverty reduction programs and social protection systems (Modjo, 2017).
Against this backdrop, this research seeks to fill the gap in in-depth studies on positive contributions to rural development in Indonesia, focusing on economic development and the food security program. It analyzes the Food Self-sufficiency Village Program (Desa Mandiri Pangan Program – DMP Program) and agricultural extension policy. These policies aim to address problems at the grassroots level in rural areas and are expected to significantly contribute to rural growth. Moreover, Indonesia is currently facing issues with food insecurity and the imbalance between production and consumption. This research examines agricultural policies that have a direct or indirect beneficial impact on poverty alleviation, aiming at understanding the issues and providing solutions to the problems facing most of the Indonesian society in the rural development chain.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The methodology incorporates both descriptive and analytical examinations of the research subject. Accordingly, documentary and primary studies have been conducted over the past ten years to analyse food security policies and strategies before and after the implementation of the DMP Program. Progress is compared with periodic reports issued within this timeframe. Additionally, consultations and reviews of scientific literature and documents were undertaken to support the study, providing insights and information on the actions of local agents and actors responsible for achieving food security objectives. The PPA approach is beneficial for analyzing the policy process and enhancing the conceptualization of poverty through a multi-dimensional perspective. This approach is useful for understanding the causal processes that lead to the reproduction of poverty by outlining stakeholder perceptions of fundamental relationships.
This research focuses on the current food security policy in Indonesia with regard to the DMP Programme system introduced in 2006. The method used in the study was primarily quantitative, but a qualitative approach was also employed to complement the conclusions of the quantitative analysis. Data on the DMP programme and extension services were compiled using semi-structured questionnaires. The survey was conducted in four towns (villages), each containing 100 samples. Samples were selected based on basic test requirements using purposive and clustered sampling techniques. The survey parameters focused on characteristics of farmers such as wealth, leadership roles, community positions, and gender. The scoring of the reported evidence was done by the researchers through analysis, cross-checking scoring exercises, and interviews (Sheil, D. & Liswanti, N., 2006).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Impact of food self-sufficiency village program on food security and poverty reduction
The main indicators in this research are poverty and food security, as all other indicators tend to support the context of poverty. One significant result of the DMP Program is its impact on poverty levels in each village. After the introduction of the Program, poverty declined by 8% to 40%. However, the poverty rates in the villages (34.53% to 56.46%) remain relatively higher than the national average poverty rates in urban areas, which range from 14.32% to 15.99% in Central Java province (CBS, 2013). Therefore, national and provincial governments should implement programs focused on empowering rural communities to boost their economic activities. One example is the Food Self-Sufficiency Village Program, which is supported by other cross-sectoral programs in every village across the country.
The Program allocates funding for social assistance targeted at poor households participating in farmer groups. With these funds, productive business activities have been implemented, especially in agriculture, livestock, fisheries, and small businesses, contributing to increased household incomes. The government’s stimulation funding of IDR100 million (US$6,700) to every village is expected to operate as a revolving fund scheme for all citizens. The development funds managed by the village financial institutions have shown a significant increase of 78% after a few years. This indicates that the performance of the affinity groups has been effective. Most of the funds in the village were allocated for livestock, such as goats: the number started with 40 goats and grew to 89 goats by the end of the research period.
There has been an increase in revenue from almost all sources of income for poor households after the DMP Program. Several factors influenced this improvement: (1) Poor households that initially did not engage in crop farming because they lacked land obtained capital from the DMP Program, which they used to rent land for farming; (2) An outreach program optimized land use and expanded wetland crop diversification, including second season crops like peanuts intercropped with other crops besides rice; (3) Local agriculture offices in each village concentrated more on improving crop production; (4) The production of non-food crops such as coconuts and garden fruits increased, slightly boosting farmers' income; (5) Increased average annual earnings from livestock businesses contributed significantly to poverty reduction. Poor farmers could own livestock through the existing ‘circling’ funds in the farmer groups, allowing them to sell at least seven chickens and one goat annually; and (6) Revenue growth for poor households also came from 'off-farm' activities such as crafts and small businesses. Training in agricultural product processing encouraged villagers to develop small businesses after the Program was implemented (Rusliyadi et al., 2019).
Food security in terms of availability and accessibility for poor households has significantly increased following the implementation of the Program. This is evident in several ways. Firstly, a higher proportion of the harvest (65-75%) is stored as food reserves that last until the next harvest, while the remaining food is sold to meet the family’s daily cash needs. Secondly, the means of transporting the harvest to the market has improved from using carts to renting vehicles. Thirdly, farming patterns have evolved to focus on planting more profitable crops rather than subsistence farming.
The living conditions of poor households and overall asset ownership have improved significantly since the introduction of the Program. These improvements in socio-economic conditions cannot solely be attributed to increased revenue from activities conducted during the Program. Income generated from sources outside the Program, such as non-food farming, part-time employment, trade, and other ventures, supplements this revenue. Nonetheless, the DMP Program has effectively empowered individuals to establish productive businesses within the village, thereby positively impacting the socio-economic conditions of poor households. Consequently, it is imperative to sustain and extend the Program to other villages, as it has the potential to bring about meaningful transformations in the living standards of impoverished households, transitioning them from food insecurity to economic stability.
Structural shifts resulting from lifestyle changes have also contributed to increased revenue, consequently elevating the monthly expenditures of family members. A comparison of monthly expenditures of poor households before and after the Program revealed that the largest portion of expenditure was allocated to food consumption. However, post-implementation of the Program, villagers reported enhanced business development, leading to a more balanced daily 'income–expenditure' ratio for both food and non-food necessities. Their incomes are now relatively sufficient to fulfil the needs of all family members.
Food security among poor households has demonstrated marked improvement post-Program, as evidenced by the increased ownership of stored food reserves lasting from one to three months. Furthermore, during the last three months of the planting season, poor households in the study areas did not face food shortages due to augmented revenue. Villagers enhanced their dietary intake by consuming fish and eggs more frequently, resulting in improved health. These dietary adjustments are directly linked to heightened knowledge and awareness of healthy lifestyle choices and nutritious foods. One of the Program's objectives for rural communities is to attain food self-sufficiency, and the study indicates that this goal has been partially achieved.
Agriculture extension service strategy for food security and poverty reduction
Agricultural extension services play a crucial role in enhancing food security and reducing poverty in Indonesia. By improving the competence of extension workers in utilizing information and communication technology (Supendi, 2022), the dissemination of vital agricultural information is facilitated, contributing to increased productivity and efficiency in farming practices. Additionally, the government's focus on addressing food insecurity and poverty through initiatives like the Food Barn Business Development program (Sinaga, 2022) and the Special Efforts for Rice Corn Soybeans - Upaya Khusus Padi Jagung kedelai (Upsus Pajale) policy program (Budi et al., 2022) has aimed to empower farmers, enhance production efficiency, and provide necessary support to boost agricultural output. These strategies not only target increasing self-sufficiency in key commodities but also address poverty by improving farmers' livelihoods and ensuring a stable food supply chain, aligning with Indonesia's vision of becoming a World Food Barn by 2045 (Purnamasari et al., 2023).
Agricultural extension has a strategic role in development, especially in rural areas. The agricultural sector needs to be effectively developed and provided with necessary support so that extension officers can carry out their work efficiently. Moreover, agricultural development requires proper management of extension services and system or infrastructure. Agricultural extension policy, in the form of advanced technology delivery and provision to farmers, is essential for the progress and success of a country. Agricultural technologies invented by an agency or institution or company require a good delivery system so that the farmers can acquire the latest knowledge and approaches in farming. The problems in agricultural extension services should be addressed by the government so that the policy goals and objectives of agricultural development in Indonesia can be achieved. Extension policy plays a crucial role in poverty reduction, because if it is well-developed, it will reduce the number of people living in abject poverty. In order to achieve this end, it requires the effective implementation of decentralisation policy where patterns, forms and sorts of extension services should reach people at the grassroots level (Rusliyadi, et al., 2021).
An effective extension service is key to the success of DMP Program. The impact of policy implementation will be more visible with the assistance of effective and innovative extension officers. Agricultural extension has been significantly supporting DMP Program implementation by direct assistance in running Program activities at village level. In general, the role of extension officers has been supporting agricultural policy implementation. The success of the Program depends on the creativity of extension officers in utilizing existing resources in their areas. Local institutional capability should be strengthened by improving human capability and infrastructure. The DMP Program is an example which provides a comprehensive activity for human capital and infrastructure development. Government efforts in revitalizing agriculture have improved the education and capacity of extension workers. Nevertheless, it is still a common practice that one extension officer is responsible for more than one village. To increase the effectiveness of extension activities, the number of extension officers and their capability need to be given attention (Rusliyadi, et al., 2020).
Food security strategy for rural development and poverty reduction
In Indonesia, the rural poor are often characterized by a lack of assets, increasing their vulnerability. Government intervention should involve providing incentives and facilitating job creation within village communities. Livestock accumulation stands out as a prime option, offering villagers direct cash through livestock sales when needed. Additionally, the government should support villagers with other forms of assistance, such as strengthening credit systems like village micro financial institutions under the DMP Program. Rural infrastructure, particularly access roads to villages, remains inadequate, hindering poor households' ability to transport crops. Community involvement in planning and implementing sustainable rural facilities is vital for the success of the DMP Program (Rusliyadi, et al., 2018).
To bolster food security and rural development in Indonesia, a comprehensive strategy is imperative. This strategy should encompass intensifying rice farming, fostering synergy among farmers, entrepreneurs, and the government, fortifying regional food policies supportive of farmers, and revitalizing agricultural facilities and infrastructure (Supendi, 2022). Moreover, initiatives like Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) sustainable food yard to promote urban farming, backed by community participation and local government regulations, can further bolster food security (Hertati, 2023). Furthermore, diversifying staple foods and strategically increasing their consumption can play a pivotal role in achieving food security goals (Anthoni et al., 2023). Combining these strategies with the utilization of agricultural census data for policymaking and enhancing human resources in the agricultural sector can propel Indonesia toward its vision of becoming a World Food Barn by 2045, while simultaneously improving farmer welfare and reducing poverty levels (Faradilla et al., 2023).
Drawing from the study, villager participation emerges as the linchpin for the sustainability of policy implementation at the local level. Making villagers' effective participation in every stage of the program more engaging requires innovative policy creation (Rusliyadi et al., 2021). Efforts should also concentrate on boosting agricultural, husbandry, and fisheries production. Extension officers at the village level play a pivotal role in transferring and adopting agricultural technology and implementing programs. Moreover, promoting on-farm and off-farm technologies should be a focus of local governments. Extension services should be equipped with simple and affordable technology to facilitate adoption as an alternative solution to the limited availability of capital and skills among poor households. Development policies should be tailored to the needs of the local poor, considering their characteristics, culture, and community issues.
Addressing food security for the poor is integral to rural development planning concerning agricultural policies. Pro-poor agricultural policies and programs serve as potent tools for boosting food production and farmers' income. Increasing food production and fostering small industries based on agricultural commodities offer a pathway out of poverty. Another practical approach involves emphasizing "off-farm" activities for daily income. Poor rural populations are highly vulnerable, as their livelihoods rely on government assistance. However, food policy shouldn't be equated with poverty alleviation policies, as poverty in Indonesia is multidimensional. A holistic approach to poverty reduction, encompassing effective implementation of food security policies, is essential (Rusliyadi et al., 2020).
Critical point of policy analysis in food security policy and extension policies
A crucial aspect in the analysis of food security policy and extension policies in Indonesia is the necessity to focus on enhancing the production efficiency and income levels of farmers through strategic programs. Research indicates that factors such as land size, seed cost, and labor cost significantly influence technical efficiency (Purnamasari et al., 2023). Additionally, the role of extension workers in altering the behavior of fisherwomen can improve household food security status, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive training for extension workers (Hayati et al, 2023). Furthermore, the classification of food security in Indonesia falls within the normal category, highlighting the importance of sustainable food consumption patterns and increasing the consumption of strategic staple foods to support food security strategies (Supendi, 2022). By implementing policies that prioritize efficiency, behavior change, and sustainable consumption patterns, Indonesia can progress toward achieving national food security goals while improving farmer welfare and reducing poverty levels (Faradilla et al, 2022; Bui et al, 2022).
The important findings are presented in terms of crucial issues in policy implementation. The critical viewpoints are based on the analysis of data collected from research.
- Coordination and Synergy between Policy Sectors. Coordination and synergy between sectors play an important role in the context of policy implementation. The food security policy must involve inter-sectoral policies that have the same targets. The ego sectoral effect is still high for policy implementation at the village level. It is evident in some programs in the studied villages that coordination between programs is poor, even within the same sectoral area. Synergy between sectors can be aligned at the policy planning stage to optimize the impacts of linkages between poverty and food security policies.
- Sustainability of Village Development after the DMP Program. Sustainability in food security policies and extension policies is important for national prosperity and political stability. The study on the DMP Program shows that the sustainability of the program is a problem. Activities of the program tend to decrease over time, especially after the program has been completed. A possible reason for this is the lack of awareness and motivation of stakeholders to continue the existing program.
- Regional Level Policies and Budget Management National policies and budget management at the regional level play an important role in the implementation of the program. Budget management at the local government level should pay more attention to priority programs in empowerment and infrastructure development. Top-down policy in the allocation of the budget is not properly undertaken for a program to run smoothly.
- Backgrounds of Leaders and Differences in Budget Allocation. Contributions of the local government toward agricultural development are highly dependent on the concern and focus of the current leader. The backgrounds of regional leaders are very influential in determining which sectors become the main policy focuses during their administration; thus, in some areas, the agricultural sectors are more advanced than others.
- Focus and Integration of Policies on Poverty Reduction and Food Security. Integration of policies requires conceptual and framework development that can synergize and create a significant impact on rural areas. For example, each ministry should have various programs implemented such as the DMP Program, where community empowerment is being applied for poverty reduction and food security. These programs should not only be implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture but by other ministries as well. Collaboration between ministries would result in the impact being more visible. Policies implemented in an integrated manner between different sectors are expected to provide variation in assistance (forms of assistance), which would have a significant impact on food security and poverty reduction.
- Participation of Farmer Groups in the Activities of the DMP Program. Participation of farmer groups in the activities of the program is an important point in this study. It can be seen from the results of the research that income generation and poverty reduction in some villages have not changed much after the implementation of the program. This was because the program involved only a few farmers and rural communities, resulting in a low impact on income generation. This is an important point to remember for policy implementation in the future. The DMP Program requires more participation by farmers so that its impact will be more visible. Clear and precise standardization in terms of the allocation of funds at every stage of the policy process, including policy implementation, should be exercised so that the goals and objectives of the policy can be achieved in the most effective manner. For example, if the fund allocation reaches an amount of about IDR100 million (US$6,700), the program should have a target of involving poor households of not less than 100 families or more, or four farmer groups with at least 25 members per group. This is only a practical example in the policy response implementation.
Optimization of Extension Office at the Local Level. The optimization of the usage of extension officers in the specific institution of the extension agency at the regency level is important. The revitalization of the extension agency involved the establishment of extension institutions at the regency level to support the function of extension offices at the district level. However, many regencies have not yet established extension agencies at the regency level. The extension agency at the local level has an important role in terms of acting as the "umbrella institution" for all extension officers within the regency.
Food security and extension policy framework existing and recommendations
The analysis of the figures has proven beneficial as it has led to the formulation of a food security strategy that emphasizes diversification and collaborative synergy across sectors. This enables the maximization of strengths and opportunities at the local level to address threats and challenges. Strategies resulting from this analysis include the revitalization of agriculture, fisheries, and forestry, which are potential areas of growth and strength utilizing local resources for poverty reduction. Another aspect of the strategy is the necessity for improved coordination, advocacy, and dissemination of food security policies at the village level. These strategies are essential for addressing population, poverty, production facilities, nutrition, and health issues (Rusliyadi et al., 2020).
To enhance food security and extension policy in Indonesia, it is crucial to focus on implementing operational policy recommendations derived from a comprehensive analysis framework. This involves utilizing agricultural census data to inform policy decisions and ensure international standards are met (Supendi, 2022). Additionally, addressing issues related to food availability, access, and socio-economic conditions, as highlighted in the West Java region study, is essential (Martiawan, 2023). Leveraging institutions, funding sources, and information channels can aid in effective policy implementation for poverty reduction and overall policy success (Rusliyadi et al., 2021). Furthermore, promoting efficiency in agricultural production through input subsidies, extension services, and research and development initiatives is vital for achieving self-sufficiency and national food security goals (Purnamasari, 2023). Lastly, maintaining policy stability and coherence within urban food supply chains, as emphasized in the DKI Jakarta study, is crucial for reinforcing food security in densely populated areas (Dewi, 2023).
The operational policy recommendations for food security policy are as follows: (1) Development of facilities and infrastructure; (2) Development of human resources; (3) Integration of poverty reduction policies; (4) Improvement of the pattern of food, nutrition, and public health; (5) Development of village barns; (6) Diversification of food processing technology beyond rice; (7) Development of knowledge on cultivation technology; (8) Maintenance of input and output prices at the village level; and (9) Enhancement of the main duty and function of officers, competence of local officers, and synergy between sectors.
Figure 1 above illustrates the proposed policy scheme along with operational policy recommendations for a Food Security and Extension Policy. It elucidates how a policy like the DMP Program necessitates the integration of other policies to achieve maximum impact on rural development. Policy implementation should entail collaboration between extension officers and villagers to attain food security for the village. As depicted in Figure 1, the existing DMP Program indicates a proximity between the program and extension policy, signifying their integration. Collaborative efforts among key sectors in policy implementation, particularly in poverty reduction policies, are pivotal for program success. Ensuring the sustainability of the policy is crucial to guarantee the progression of poverty and food security programs at the grassroots level beyond the completion of the DMP Program.
The Food Security Policy Analysis Framework for Food Security and Extension Policy in Indonesia encompasses various key elements. The strategy for sustainable food consumption patterns in Indonesia underscores the importance of diverse staple foods and increasing consumption of strategic staple foods to bolster food security (Faradilla, et al., 2022). Furthermore, determinants of food security in Indonesia encompass factors such as rice production, population density, purchasing power index, food expenditures, and harvested area, underscoring the necessity for integrated food chain policies and measures by the Indonesian Bureau of Logistics (Anwar, 2022). Moreover, the implementation of agricultural sector policies in Indonesia, supported by accurate agricultural data from the Agricultural Census, plays a pivotal role in achieving national food security objectives and improving farmer welfare (Supendi, 2022). The role of institutions, funding/assistance sources, and information sources are imperative in addressing policy implementation issues related to food security and extension policy, ensuring effective outcomes aligned with policy objectives (Rusliyadi, et al., 2021). Finally, the Food Self-Sufficiency Village Program at the household level in Indonesia has demonstrated positive impacts on poverty reduction and food security, underscoring the importance of policy implementation in enhancing overall well-being (Rusliyadi, M. & Jamil, A. B., 2021).
The success of an agricultural policy program necessitates support from various development sectors to foster economic growth in the village. This aspect emerges as a significant finding in this research, highlighting its pivotal role in program success and its substantial impact on poverty alleviation and food security. Collaboration among these sectors can yield a significant impact if jointly implemented in a particular area. This process demands the involvement of leaders capable of synergizing between sectors to facilitate a sustainable development process (Rusliyadi et al., 2021).
The proposed model agricultural policy scheme (Figure 2) is based on the research findings of the study. Areas requiring improvement in policy implementation for effectiveness and efficiency are identified. A successful implementation model necessitates the following improvements in the Indonesian context: clear articulation of policy objectives, justification, and rationale in terms of implementation procedures; recognition or incentives for local governments implementing successful policy innovations at the village level; management strategies for policy innovation based on local resource availability and capability; strong commitment and willingness to take risks from leaders/managers involved in policy implementation; initiation of policy innovation and programs on a small scale for grassroots sustainability; removal of structural barriers in budget allocation at the local level; regular and thorough monitoring and evaluation of programs at all levels; implementation of food security and extension policy in collaboration with other agencies or countries, regionally and internationally, either bilaterally or multilaterally; undertaking research and development to explore the sustainability implications of food security and poverty policies in rural areas; and drawing lessons from the experiences of other countries to formulate policy innovations based on local resource conditions.
The Food Security Policy Analysis Framework plays a crucial role in evaluating the impact of food security and extension policies in Indonesia. Studies indicate that policy programs such as the Special Efforts for Rice, Corn, and Soybeans (Upsus Pajale) have been implemented to enhance self-sufficiency and national food security by providing input subsidies and extension assistance to farmers, ultimately aiming at accelerating productivity and increasing production (Purnamasari et al., 2023). Additionally, the DMP Program has significantly reduced poverty levels in villages, positively impacting food security at the household level (Rusliyadi, M. & Jamil, A. B., 2021). Furthermore, research underscores the importance of integrating Indonesian food chain policies, such as land and water availability, to ensure food security, along with the necessity for participatory monitoring and evaluation to assess policy effectiveness and formulate successful national strategies (Anwar, 2022; Rusliyadi, M. & Jamil, A. B., 2020; Rusliyadi et al., 2021). The impacts of the DMP Program are notably positive, contributing to the socio-economic development of the country as a whole and improving the livelihoods of village residents. In terms of poverty alleviation, the DMP Program has significantly increased the income of poor households, while also enhancing the food security status of these households, thereby promoting better health and nutrition among villagers. The Program has also expanded the number of individuals achieving food security status.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
Food security is a crucial policy aspect in Indonesia's agricultural sector development. Another significant policy within this sector is the extension services, which play a critical role in implementing agricultural policies at the grassroots level. The Indonesian government has been implementing the DMP Program to enhance household food security levels. One of its primary goals is to alleviate poverty and enhance nutrition at the household level.
The government endeavours to achieve household food security through this program have received positive feedback. The DMP Program has notably impacted rural development by improving major indicators such as poverty, income, and food security in villages. Study findings indicate that agricultural programs significantly influence household development, reflected in increased income, asset ownership, sustainable food security, and employment opportunities.
Generally, household food security can be attained by increasing the income of poor households in villages. The rise in income resulting from the DMP Program has altered dietary habits and increased the ownership of stored food reserves in poor households for longer durations. Nonetheless, rural areas encounter a recurring issue: low farmer participation rates in the DMP Program, coupled with limited capital resources, pose challenges to achieving a higher standard of living. Policies like the self-sufficiency program need to be developed alongside the implementation of other policy sectors and in collaboration with stakeholders from various sectors. This integration is essential for effectively achieving rural development targets, particularly in poverty reduction and sustaining food security at the village level.
The agricultural sector plays a pivotal role in the Indonesian economy. Despite structural economic transformations, notably in industrial and service sectors, rural poverty persists. To support these vital national food providers (rural farmers), the agricultural sector has absorbed a significant portion of the labour force, benefiting many poor individuals in rural areas.
Recommendations
The main recommendation from this research is the need for the roles, implementation, and impact of the DMP Program to be synergized. The integration between food security and poverty is crucial in the implementation stages at both the national and local levels. In fact, there should be one ‘policy map’ for addressing food security and poverty issues. This provides a basic overview for each institution to plan the implementation of the policies. The policy actions become focused, ensuring there is no overlapping of policies between food security and poverty.
In general, planning and implementation of Indonesian social policies at the village level have been acceptable, but the impacts of policies have not been optimal. The policy impacts could have been determined precisely if indicators of a policy were measured and monitored effectively from the beginning of the policy intention. The recommendations associated with the measurements of food security and poverty alleviation policies are as follows: First, standardization of outcome indicators should be done at every stage of the policy process. Second, the ‘process-oriented’ approach that has been the main method of Indonesia’s policy approach should be changed to ‘result-oriented’ or ‘impact-oriented’ by measuring the results. Third, while it is good to consistently focus on the target and measurable objective aspects of the policy, the process-oriented aspects should not be ignored.
The key role of the recommendation is that the national strategy for the poor should involve the integration of various policies, such as food security policy and poverty reduction policy. Other specific recommendations include:
- The recommendation on economic policy and employment growth consists of trying to maintain macroeconomic policy and population policy. The main priorities for rural development and agriculture are the stability of food prices by increasing production, sustainable extension, research on microcredits, low-cost marketing, and support for the rapid growth of small and medium industries that provide jobs for poor people. The food security policy requires product diversification of agriculture and the development of potential natural resources in poor areas to produce food crops. The escape from poverty from this recommendation is the optimization of economic growth by the stabilization of food prices and diversified products to raise the value-added resources in poor areas.
- The policy focus for rural growth and program implementation should be the employment supplementary income schemes in rural areas with agricultural production, creating more small home industries, and supporting local specific products in one area, raising public infrastructure work, and generating specific jobs for the poor.
- There should be a greater focus on pro-poor programs by looking at the implementation target policies in terms of initiating and building a comprehensive safety net program, integrating pro-poor policies from several sectors, especially rural development, and strong monitoring and evaluation of the established program.
- There are program activities common to food security policy and poverty reduction policy. These activities should be integrated to operate under one policy to avoid duplication of effort. These areas concern the availability of nutritional food, health infrastructure, and education for the poor. They include child immunization, nutrition education and family planning, latrines and clean water programs, school feeding programs, and school infrastructure. Their integration optimizes the use of resources to address the same goals.
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An Analysis of the Food Security Policy Implementation Framework: The Case of Food Self-Sufficiency and Extension Policy in Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The agricultural sector plays a major role in the Indonesian economy. Despite the transformation of the economic structure, particularly the development of industrial and service sectors, these changes have not reduced rural poverty or achieved food security. The main purpose of this study was to identify, analyze, and recommend policy options and strategies for agricultural development. The findings are based on a study of the implementation of food security and agricultural extension policies in terms of poverty alleviation efforts in rural development. The agricultural sector has absorbed most of the labour force, and many poor people in rural areas have benefited from its development. The methodology incorporates both descriptive and analytical examinations of the research subject. Accordingly, a documentary study and primary research has been conducted over the past ten years to analyse food security policies and strategies based on a before-and-after analysis of the implementation of the Food Self-Sufficiency Village Program. The method also utilized a Participatory Poverty Analysis (PPA) approach. The existing policy and recommended policy framework were analysed based on the implementation of policies at the rural level. The government's role is to ensure that a food security policy is in place, providing guidelines for achieving food stability in terms of supply, accessibility, consumption, quality, and safety of food consumed by households. A lack of supply and availability of food can lead to food insecurity, which in turn contributes to poverty, especially in rural areas. Rural communities are significantly affected by poverty and food insecurity. Therefore, it is necessary for the government to focus on rural development to achieve the overall goal of sustainable development. Food security and poverty reduction are crucial components of development policy. The government plays an important role in this policy, especially in a highly populated country like Indonesia. It is proposed that the current food security framework be revised to ensure that the poverty reduction strategy is more effectively implemented.
Keywords: Food security policy, Agricultural extension policy, Strategic policy framework, Indonesia
INTRODUCTION
Integrated agricultural policies on food security and poverty reduction are not new. Many studies have shown how agricultural policy contributes positively to poverty alleviation. The government needs to make a comprehensive effort to promote effective policy implementation for poverty reduction and food security (Rusliyadi et al., 2019).
Numerous agricultural policies have been launched in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas. However, the impact and implementation have not been significant, as indicated by data on the poverty rate and percentage of poor people. In rural areas, 16.56% of the population is considered poor, higher than in urban areas, where the rate is 9.87%. A major issue in measuring poverty in Indonesia is the reliance on the basic needs approach. The largest contributor to the poverty line in this measurement is the food component, at 32.81%, while non-food components contribute 6.35% (CBS, 2021).
Challenges in food security development are linked to high population growth, limited natural resources, shifting agricultural land use, inadequate infrastructure for food sector businesses, increased competition from imported goods, and a high number of poor people (Paasch et al., 2010). Additionally, demand for food per capita increases over time, driven by rising incomes, health awareness, and dietary changes influenced by globalization and various community activities. In Indonesia, poverty and food security remain major problems. Food insecurity is widespread in many regions and is positively linked to poverty.
People facing poverty generally struggle to meet critical needs such as food, nutrition, health, and education. Data from the National Food Security Agency (2020) indicates that most people in Indonesia consume less energy and protein than recommended, below the 2,000-kcal per capita per day guideline (CBS, 2020). Over 127.9 million people, more than 53% of Indonesia's population, consume between 1,322 and 1,988 kcal per capita per day, or 66.6% - 99.0% of the recommended dietary allowance.
Another challenge in poverty reduction is food intake per capita, which is relatively high in Indonesia. Total consumption for the entire population per year exceeds total domestic food production. For instance, rice, the staple food in Indonesia, is crucial to the economy. Indonesia is the world’s third-largest paddy producer, with an annual output of 54.8 million metric tons of rice in 2023 (CBS, 2023). Rice provides an economic boost to approximately 13.6 million farmers, 65% of whom are poor smallholders with less than 0.5 ha of land. About 21 million people work in the rice sector. However, rice consumption exceeds production by about 5%, making Indonesia one of the world’s largest rice importers.
Indonesia faces a significant data challenge in poverty reduction due to the high food intake per capita, which is relatively high in the country. The projected food demand surpasses domestic production capacity, leading to concerns about food insecurity, malnutrition, and poverty for around 26 million low-income individuals (Firdaus et al., 2023). Efforts to address poverty in Indonesia are hindered by the need for accurate poverty data interpretation, which can be influenced by political interests and organizational risks, impacting the formulation of effective poverty alleviation policies (Fanggidae, V., 2012). The accuracy of poverty program targeting is crucial, as studies show that poverty dynamics within a three-year period contribute to inclusion and exclusion errors, necessitating periodic updates to the beneficiary database to enhance targeting precision (Dewi, R. K. et al., 2014). The challenge of reducing poverty in Indonesia remains pressing, with a large population living in severe poverty and vulnerability to poverty shocks, emphasizing the importance of well-designed poverty reduction programs and social protection systems (Modjo, 2017).
Against this backdrop, this research seeks to fill the gap in in-depth studies on positive contributions to rural development in Indonesia, focusing on economic development and the food security program. It analyzes the Food Self-sufficiency Village Program (Desa Mandiri Pangan Program – DMP Program) and agricultural extension policy. These policies aim to address problems at the grassroots level in rural areas and are expected to significantly contribute to rural growth. Moreover, Indonesia is currently facing issues with food insecurity and the imbalance between production and consumption. This research examines agricultural policies that have a direct or indirect beneficial impact on poverty alleviation, aiming at understanding the issues and providing solutions to the problems facing most of the Indonesian society in the rural development chain.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The methodology incorporates both descriptive and analytical examinations of the research subject. Accordingly, documentary and primary studies have been conducted over the past ten years to analyse food security policies and strategies before and after the implementation of the DMP Program. Progress is compared with periodic reports issued within this timeframe. Additionally, consultations and reviews of scientific literature and documents were undertaken to support the study, providing insights and information on the actions of local agents and actors responsible for achieving food security objectives. The PPA approach is beneficial for analyzing the policy process and enhancing the conceptualization of poverty through a multi-dimensional perspective. This approach is useful for understanding the causal processes that lead to the reproduction of poverty by outlining stakeholder perceptions of fundamental relationships.
This research focuses on the current food security policy in Indonesia with regard to the DMP Programme system introduced in 2006. The method used in the study was primarily quantitative, but a qualitative approach was also employed to complement the conclusions of the quantitative analysis. Data on the DMP programme and extension services were compiled using semi-structured questionnaires. The survey was conducted in four towns (villages), each containing 100 samples. Samples were selected based on basic test requirements using purposive and clustered sampling techniques. The survey parameters focused on characteristics of farmers such as wealth, leadership roles, community positions, and gender. The scoring of the reported evidence was done by the researchers through analysis, cross-checking scoring exercises, and interviews (Sheil, D. & Liswanti, N., 2006).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Impact of food self-sufficiency village program on food security and poverty reduction
The main indicators in this research are poverty and food security, as all other indicators tend to support the context of poverty. One significant result of the DMP Program is its impact on poverty levels in each village. After the introduction of the Program, poverty declined by 8% to 40%. However, the poverty rates in the villages (34.53% to 56.46%) remain relatively higher than the national average poverty rates in urban areas, which range from 14.32% to 15.99% in Central Java province (CBS, 2013). Therefore, national and provincial governments should implement programs focused on empowering rural communities to boost their economic activities. One example is the Food Self-Sufficiency Village Program, which is supported by other cross-sectoral programs in every village across the country.
The Program allocates funding for social assistance targeted at poor households participating in farmer groups. With these funds, productive business activities have been implemented, especially in agriculture, livestock, fisheries, and small businesses, contributing to increased household incomes. The government’s stimulation funding of IDR100 million (US$6,700) to every village is expected to operate as a revolving fund scheme for all citizens. The development funds managed by the village financial institutions have shown a significant increase of 78% after a few years. This indicates that the performance of the affinity groups has been effective. Most of the funds in the village were allocated for livestock, such as goats: the number started with 40 goats and grew to 89 goats by the end of the research period.
There has been an increase in revenue from almost all sources of income for poor households after the DMP Program. Several factors influenced this improvement: (1) Poor households that initially did not engage in crop farming because they lacked land obtained capital from the DMP Program, which they used to rent land for farming; (2) An outreach program optimized land use and expanded wetland crop diversification, including second season crops like peanuts intercropped with other crops besides rice; (3) Local agriculture offices in each village concentrated more on improving crop production; (4) The production of non-food crops such as coconuts and garden fruits increased, slightly boosting farmers' income; (5) Increased average annual earnings from livestock businesses contributed significantly to poverty reduction. Poor farmers could own livestock through the existing ‘circling’ funds in the farmer groups, allowing them to sell at least seven chickens and one goat annually; and (6) Revenue growth for poor households also came from 'off-farm' activities such as crafts and small businesses. Training in agricultural product processing encouraged villagers to develop small businesses after the Program was implemented (Rusliyadi et al., 2019).
Food security in terms of availability and accessibility for poor households has significantly increased following the implementation of the Program. This is evident in several ways. Firstly, a higher proportion of the harvest (65-75%) is stored as food reserves that last until the next harvest, while the remaining food is sold to meet the family’s daily cash needs. Secondly, the means of transporting the harvest to the market has improved from using carts to renting vehicles. Thirdly, farming patterns have evolved to focus on planting more profitable crops rather than subsistence farming.
The living conditions of poor households and overall asset ownership have improved significantly since the introduction of the Program. These improvements in socio-economic conditions cannot solely be attributed to increased revenue from activities conducted during the Program. Income generated from sources outside the Program, such as non-food farming, part-time employment, trade, and other ventures, supplements this revenue. Nonetheless, the DMP Program has effectively empowered individuals to establish productive businesses within the village, thereby positively impacting the socio-economic conditions of poor households. Consequently, it is imperative to sustain and extend the Program to other villages, as it has the potential to bring about meaningful transformations in the living standards of impoverished households, transitioning them from food insecurity to economic stability.
Structural shifts resulting from lifestyle changes have also contributed to increased revenue, consequently elevating the monthly expenditures of family members. A comparison of monthly expenditures of poor households before and after the Program revealed that the largest portion of expenditure was allocated to food consumption. However, post-implementation of the Program, villagers reported enhanced business development, leading to a more balanced daily 'income–expenditure' ratio for both food and non-food necessities. Their incomes are now relatively sufficient to fulfil the needs of all family members.
Food security among poor households has demonstrated marked improvement post-Program, as evidenced by the increased ownership of stored food reserves lasting from one to three months. Furthermore, during the last three months of the planting season, poor households in the study areas did not face food shortages due to augmented revenue. Villagers enhanced their dietary intake by consuming fish and eggs more frequently, resulting in improved health. These dietary adjustments are directly linked to heightened knowledge and awareness of healthy lifestyle choices and nutritious foods. One of the Program's objectives for rural communities is to attain food self-sufficiency, and the study indicates that this goal has been partially achieved.
Agriculture extension service strategy for food security and poverty reduction
Agricultural extension services play a crucial role in enhancing food security and reducing poverty in Indonesia. By improving the competence of extension workers in utilizing information and communication technology (Supendi, 2022), the dissemination of vital agricultural information is facilitated, contributing to increased productivity and efficiency in farming practices. Additionally, the government's focus on addressing food insecurity and poverty through initiatives like the Food Barn Business Development program (Sinaga, 2022) and the Special Efforts for Rice Corn Soybeans - Upaya Khusus Padi Jagung kedelai (Upsus Pajale) policy program (Budi et al., 2022) has aimed to empower farmers, enhance production efficiency, and provide necessary support to boost agricultural output. These strategies not only target increasing self-sufficiency in key commodities but also address poverty by improving farmers' livelihoods and ensuring a stable food supply chain, aligning with Indonesia's vision of becoming a World Food Barn by 2045 (Purnamasari et al., 2023).
Agricultural extension has a strategic role in development, especially in rural areas. The agricultural sector needs to be effectively developed and provided with necessary support so that extension officers can carry out their work efficiently. Moreover, agricultural development requires proper management of extension services and system or infrastructure. Agricultural extension policy, in the form of advanced technology delivery and provision to farmers, is essential for the progress and success of a country. Agricultural technologies invented by an agency or institution or company require a good delivery system so that the farmers can acquire the latest knowledge and approaches in farming. The problems in agricultural extension services should be addressed by the government so that the policy goals and objectives of agricultural development in Indonesia can be achieved. Extension policy plays a crucial role in poverty reduction, because if it is well-developed, it will reduce the number of people living in abject poverty. In order to achieve this end, it requires the effective implementation of decentralisation policy where patterns, forms and sorts of extension services should reach people at the grassroots level (Rusliyadi, et al., 2021).
An effective extension service is key to the success of DMP Program. The impact of policy implementation will be more visible with the assistance of effective and innovative extension officers. Agricultural extension has been significantly supporting DMP Program implementation by direct assistance in running Program activities at village level. In general, the role of extension officers has been supporting agricultural policy implementation. The success of the Program depends on the creativity of extension officers in utilizing existing resources in their areas. Local institutional capability should be strengthened by improving human capability and infrastructure. The DMP Program is an example which provides a comprehensive activity for human capital and infrastructure development. Government efforts in revitalizing agriculture have improved the education and capacity of extension workers. Nevertheless, it is still a common practice that one extension officer is responsible for more than one village. To increase the effectiveness of extension activities, the number of extension officers and their capability need to be given attention (Rusliyadi, et al., 2020).
Food security strategy for rural development and poverty reduction
In Indonesia, the rural poor are often characterized by a lack of assets, increasing their vulnerability. Government intervention should involve providing incentives and facilitating job creation within village communities. Livestock accumulation stands out as a prime option, offering villagers direct cash through livestock sales when needed. Additionally, the government should support villagers with other forms of assistance, such as strengthening credit systems like village micro financial institutions under the DMP Program. Rural infrastructure, particularly access roads to villages, remains inadequate, hindering poor households' ability to transport crops. Community involvement in planning and implementing sustainable rural facilities is vital for the success of the DMP Program (Rusliyadi, et al., 2018).
To bolster food security and rural development in Indonesia, a comprehensive strategy is imperative. This strategy should encompass intensifying rice farming, fostering synergy among farmers, entrepreneurs, and the government, fortifying regional food policies supportive of farmers, and revitalizing agricultural facilities and infrastructure (Supendi, 2022). Moreover, initiatives like Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) sustainable food yard to promote urban farming, backed by community participation and local government regulations, can further bolster food security (Hertati, 2023). Furthermore, diversifying staple foods and strategically increasing their consumption can play a pivotal role in achieving food security goals (Anthoni et al., 2023). Combining these strategies with the utilization of agricultural census data for policymaking and enhancing human resources in the agricultural sector can propel Indonesia toward its vision of becoming a World Food Barn by 2045, while simultaneously improving farmer welfare and reducing poverty levels (Faradilla et al., 2023).
Drawing from the study, villager participation emerges as the linchpin for the sustainability of policy implementation at the local level. Making villagers' effective participation in every stage of the program more engaging requires innovative policy creation (Rusliyadi et al., 2021). Efforts should also concentrate on boosting agricultural, husbandry, and fisheries production. Extension officers at the village level play a pivotal role in transferring and adopting agricultural technology and implementing programs. Moreover, promoting on-farm and off-farm technologies should be a focus of local governments. Extension services should be equipped with simple and affordable technology to facilitate adoption as an alternative solution to the limited availability of capital and skills among poor households. Development policies should be tailored to the needs of the local poor, considering their characteristics, culture, and community issues.
Addressing food security for the poor is integral to rural development planning concerning agricultural policies. Pro-poor agricultural policies and programs serve as potent tools for boosting food production and farmers' income. Increasing food production and fostering small industries based on agricultural commodities offer a pathway out of poverty. Another practical approach involves emphasizing "off-farm" activities for daily income. Poor rural populations are highly vulnerable, as their livelihoods rely on government assistance. However, food policy shouldn't be equated with poverty alleviation policies, as poverty in Indonesia is multidimensional. A holistic approach to poverty reduction, encompassing effective implementation of food security policies, is essential (Rusliyadi et al., 2020).
Critical point of policy analysis in food security policy and extension policies
A crucial aspect in the analysis of food security policy and extension policies in Indonesia is the necessity to focus on enhancing the production efficiency and income levels of farmers through strategic programs. Research indicates that factors such as land size, seed cost, and labor cost significantly influence technical efficiency (Purnamasari et al., 2023). Additionally, the role of extension workers in altering the behavior of fisherwomen can improve household food security status, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive training for extension workers (Hayati et al, 2023). Furthermore, the classification of food security in Indonesia falls within the normal category, highlighting the importance of sustainable food consumption patterns and increasing the consumption of strategic staple foods to support food security strategies (Supendi, 2022). By implementing policies that prioritize efficiency, behavior change, and sustainable consumption patterns, Indonesia can progress toward achieving national food security goals while improving farmer welfare and reducing poverty levels (Faradilla et al, 2022; Bui et al, 2022).
The important findings are presented in terms of crucial issues in policy implementation. The critical viewpoints are based on the analysis of data collected from research.
Optimization of Extension Office at the Local Level. The optimization of the usage of extension officers in the specific institution of the extension agency at the regency level is important. The revitalization of the extension agency involved the establishment of extension institutions at the regency level to support the function of extension offices at the district level. However, many regencies have not yet established extension agencies at the regency level. The extension agency at the local level has an important role in terms of acting as the "umbrella institution" for all extension officers within the regency.
Food security and extension policy framework existing and recommendations
The analysis of the figures has proven beneficial as it has led to the formulation of a food security strategy that emphasizes diversification and collaborative synergy across sectors. This enables the maximization of strengths and opportunities at the local level to address threats and challenges. Strategies resulting from this analysis include the revitalization of agriculture, fisheries, and forestry, which are potential areas of growth and strength utilizing local resources for poverty reduction. Another aspect of the strategy is the necessity for improved coordination, advocacy, and dissemination of food security policies at the village level. These strategies are essential for addressing population, poverty, production facilities, nutrition, and health issues (Rusliyadi et al., 2020).
To enhance food security and extension policy in Indonesia, it is crucial to focus on implementing operational policy recommendations derived from a comprehensive analysis framework. This involves utilizing agricultural census data to inform policy decisions and ensure international standards are met (Supendi, 2022). Additionally, addressing issues related to food availability, access, and socio-economic conditions, as highlighted in the West Java region study, is essential (Martiawan, 2023). Leveraging institutions, funding sources, and information channels can aid in effective policy implementation for poverty reduction and overall policy success (Rusliyadi et al., 2021). Furthermore, promoting efficiency in agricultural production through input subsidies, extension services, and research and development initiatives is vital for achieving self-sufficiency and national food security goals (Purnamasari, 2023). Lastly, maintaining policy stability and coherence within urban food supply chains, as emphasized in the DKI Jakarta study, is crucial for reinforcing food security in densely populated areas (Dewi, 2023).
The operational policy recommendations for food security policy are as follows: (1) Development of facilities and infrastructure; (2) Development of human resources; (3) Integration of poverty reduction policies; (4) Improvement of the pattern of food, nutrition, and public health; (5) Development of village barns; (6) Diversification of food processing technology beyond rice; (7) Development of knowledge on cultivation technology; (8) Maintenance of input and output prices at the village level; and (9) Enhancement of the main duty and function of officers, competence of local officers, and synergy between sectors.
Figure 1 above illustrates the proposed policy scheme along with operational policy recommendations for a Food Security and Extension Policy. It elucidates how a policy like the DMP Program necessitates the integration of other policies to achieve maximum impact on rural development. Policy implementation should entail collaboration between extension officers and villagers to attain food security for the village. As depicted in Figure 1, the existing DMP Program indicates a proximity between the program and extension policy, signifying their integration. Collaborative efforts among key sectors in policy implementation, particularly in poverty reduction policies, are pivotal for program success. Ensuring the sustainability of the policy is crucial to guarantee the progression of poverty and food security programs at the grassroots level beyond the completion of the DMP Program.
The Food Security Policy Analysis Framework for Food Security and Extension Policy in Indonesia encompasses various key elements. The strategy for sustainable food consumption patterns in Indonesia underscores the importance of diverse staple foods and increasing consumption of strategic staple foods to bolster food security (Faradilla, et al., 2022). Furthermore, determinants of food security in Indonesia encompass factors such as rice production, population density, purchasing power index, food expenditures, and harvested area, underscoring the necessity for integrated food chain policies and measures by the Indonesian Bureau of Logistics (Anwar, 2022). Moreover, the implementation of agricultural sector policies in Indonesia, supported by accurate agricultural data from the Agricultural Census, plays a pivotal role in achieving national food security objectives and improving farmer welfare (Supendi, 2022). The role of institutions, funding/assistance sources, and information sources are imperative in addressing policy implementation issues related to food security and extension policy, ensuring effective outcomes aligned with policy objectives (Rusliyadi, et al., 2021). Finally, the Food Self-Sufficiency Village Program at the household level in Indonesia has demonstrated positive impacts on poverty reduction and food security, underscoring the importance of policy implementation in enhancing overall well-being (Rusliyadi, M. & Jamil, A. B., 2021).
The success of an agricultural policy program necessitates support from various development sectors to foster economic growth in the village. This aspect emerges as a significant finding in this research, highlighting its pivotal role in program success and its substantial impact on poverty alleviation and food security. Collaboration among these sectors can yield a significant impact if jointly implemented in a particular area. This process demands the involvement of leaders capable of synergizing between sectors to facilitate a sustainable development process (Rusliyadi et al., 2021).
The proposed model agricultural policy scheme (Figure 2) is based on the research findings of the study. Areas requiring improvement in policy implementation for effectiveness and efficiency are identified. A successful implementation model necessitates the following improvements in the Indonesian context: clear articulation of policy objectives, justification, and rationale in terms of implementation procedures; recognition or incentives for local governments implementing successful policy innovations at the village level; management strategies for policy innovation based on local resource availability and capability; strong commitment and willingness to take risks from leaders/managers involved in policy implementation; initiation of policy innovation and programs on a small scale for grassroots sustainability; removal of structural barriers in budget allocation at the local level; regular and thorough monitoring and evaluation of programs at all levels; implementation of food security and extension policy in collaboration with other agencies or countries, regionally and internationally, either bilaterally or multilaterally; undertaking research and development to explore the sustainability implications of food security and poverty policies in rural areas; and drawing lessons from the experiences of other countries to formulate policy innovations based on local resource conditions.
The Food Security Policy Analysis Framework plays a crucial role in evaluating the impact of food security and extension policies in Indonesia. Studies indicate that policy programs such as the Special Efforts for Rice, Corn, and Soybeans (Upsus Pajale) have been implemented to enhance self-sufficiency and national food security by providing input subsidies and extension assistance to farmers, ultimately aiming at accelerating productivity and increasing production (Purnamasari et al., 2023). Additionally, the DMP Program has significantly reduced poverty levels in villages, positively impacting food security at the household level (Rusliyadi, M. & Jamil, A. B., 2021). Furthermore, research underscores the importance of integrating Indonesian food chain policies, such as land and water availability, to ensure food security, along with the necessity for participatory monitoring and evaluation to assess policy effectiveness and formulate successful national strategies (Anwar, 2022; Rusliyadi, M. & Jamil, A. B., 2020; Rusliyadi et al., 2021). The impacts of the DMP Program are notably positive, contributing to the socio-economic development of the country as a whole and improving the livelihoods of village residents. In terms of poverty alleviation, the DMP Program has significantly increased the income of poor households, while also enhancing the food security status of these households, thereby promoting better health and nutrition among villagers. The Program has also expanded the number of individuals achieving food security status.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
Food security is a crucial policy aspect in Indonesia's agricultural sector development. Another significant policy within this sector is the extension services, which play a critical role in implementing agricultural policies at the grassroots level. The Indonesian government has been implementing the DMP Program to enhance household food security levels. One of its primary goals is to alleviate poverty and enhance nutrition at the household level.
The government endeavours to achieve household food security through this program have received positive feedback. The DMP Program has notably impacted rural development by improving major indicators such as poverty, income, and food security in villages. Study findings indicate that agricultural programs significantly influence household development, reflected in increased income, asset ownership, sustainable food security, and employment opportunities.
Generally, household food security can be attained by increasing the income of poor households in villages. The rise in income resulting from the DMP Program has altered dietary habits and increased the ownership of stored food reserves in poor households for longer durations. Nonetheless, rural areas encounter a recurring issue: low farmer participation rates in the DMP Program, coupled with limited capital resources, pose challenges to achieving a higher standard of living. Policies like the self-sufficiency program need to be developed alongside the implementation of other policy sectors and in collaboration with stakeholders from various sectors. This integration is essential for effectively achieving rural development targets, particularly in poverty reduction and sustaining food security at the village level.
The agricultural sector plays a pivotal role in the Indonesian economy. Despite structural economic transformations, notably in industrial and service sectors, rural poverty persists. To support these vital national food providers (rural farmers), the agricultural sector has absorbed a significant portion of the labour force, benefiting many poor individuals in rural areas.
Recommendations
The main recommendation from this research is the need for the roles, implementation, and impact of the DMP Program to be synergized. The integration between food security and poverty is crucial in the implementation stages at both the national and local levels. In fact, there should be one ‘policy map’ for addressing food security and poverty issues. This provides a basic overview for each institution to plan the implementation of the policies. The policy actions become focused, ensuring there is no overlapping of policies between food security and poverty.
In general, planning and implementation of Indonesian social policies at the village level have been acceptable, but the impacts of policies have not been optimal. The policy impacts could have been determined precisely if indicators of a policy were measured and monitored effectively from the beginning of the policy intention. The recommendations associated with the measurements of food security and poverty alleviation policies are as follows: First, standardization of outcome indicators should be done at every stage of the policy process. Second, the ‘process-oriented’ approach that has been the main method of Indonesia’s policy approach should be changed to ‘result-oriented’ or ‘impact-oriented’ by measuring the results. Third, while it is good to consistently focus on the target and measurable objective aspects of the policy, the process-oriented aspects should not be ignored.
The key role of the recommendation is that the national strategy for the poor should involve the integration of various policies, such as food security policy and poverty reduction policy. Other specific recommendations include:
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