ABSTRACT
Singaporean Minister for Sustainability and the Environment Grace Fu is worried about the impact of climate change’s dry spells, heatwaves, intense rain, deluge and floods sweeping away farm animals and destroying food stocks all over the world. In addition, Singapore is low-lying and susceptible to rising sea level which can affect critical infrastructure related to food logistics. Thus, erecting rising tidal mitigation barriers is crucial to ensure the smooth delivery of food imports. Any negative impact on food delivery and logistics due to climate change can affect pricing that can burden the citizens of Singapore already facing rising costs and inflation. Droughts and seawater intrusion can also impact water availability in Johor which supplies Singapore with potable water. Excessive water in the form of heavy rains can also destroy regional vegetable crops leading to a supply shortage from Southeast Asian sources for Singapore. Therefore, Singapore is also keen to use technologies to grow their food locally. These technologies may include vertical farms and rooftop gardens. These farms must be water efficient as supply may become limited during drought season. To manage such scenarios, Singapore has built up water reserves, holding reservoirs, desalination plants, and water recycling. Conserving half of its natural green cover, Singapore tries to optimize its rainfall into its water reserves. A long-term plan for producing food locally is the redevelopment of Lim Chu Kang farming area into a high-tech agri-food cluster that comes with state-of-the-art wastewater management systems, by-product recycling and logistics facilities. To train farmers, the Singapore government mobilized Institutes of Higher Learning (IHLs) to disseminate knowledge in aquaculture sciences, engineering, and info-comm technology for the Lim Chu Kang project.
Keywords: climate change, Singapore, natural disaster, technology
BACKGROUND
One of the threats posed by climate change is flooding due to rising sea levels and disruptive weather patterns which could have economic consequences for Singapore. Singapore’s Minister for Sustainability and the Environment Grace Fu has expressed concerns about the impact of natural disasters on the global food system, highlighting how climate change causes extended dry spells and heatwaves that reduce crop yields ultimately decreasing food production globally. Additionally intense rainfall, deluges and floods can sweep away livestock and destroy food stocks worldwide (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
As a low-lying country, Singapore is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels, which requires the island nation to build flood barriers and embankments to protect critical infrastructure (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 8). Given Singapore’s heavy reliance on food imports, efficient logistical systems are essential to deliver the 90% of the country’s food supply that is brought in from abroad (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 8).
In addition to strengthening its delivery systems, Singapore is keen to adopt innovative technologies to grow its own food. To combat the global decline of food production due to climate change, Singapore is collaborating with global stakeholders and the private sector to transform its agri-food industry and ensure a secure food future (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
Lee Sing Kong (former Director of the National Institute of Education and a lobbyist for ‘sky farms’) advocates for Singapore’s dependence on food imports in favor of improving food security especially as extreme weather events and natural disasters (e.g. flooding) are taking a toll on global food production (Seneviratne, 2012). Singapore is turning to vertical urban agriculture (e.g. A Go-Grow’s 38-tiered 9m tall aluminium towers with vegetable-growing troughs powered by recycled water consuming only 60 watts of power per day) and rooftop gardens (Seneviratne, 2012). The aluminium towers produce nai bai (milk cabbage), xiao bai cai (bok choy) and Chinese cabbage to supply NTUC FairPrice (Singapore’s biggest grocery retailer with more than 230 outlets and supermarkets) (Seneviratne, 2012).
Droughts are also a growing concern for Singaporean planners as the country’s reliance on imported food means that, droughts can significantly impact food prices, availability, and harvest yields (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020). Water supply is curtailed during serious drought seasons and, while Singapore can turn to water reserves (e.g. Marina Bay and holding reservoirs), desalination plants and water recycling, 60% of Singapore’s water supply (including those for its small but high-tech farms in Kranji) are dependent on water from the state of Johor in Malaysia (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 11).
HIGH TECH FARMS
Singaporean high-tech farms are exploring innovative agricultural solutions to minimize dependence on water. For example, the GroGrace dry hydroponics system cultivate crops above water for healthier roots, creates a dryer micro-climate for the leaves, and overall promote stressless crop growth to produce a diversity of fresh produce regardless of seasonal weather (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). Through the utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) automation systems and rainwater collection for irrigation and fertilization, GoGrace can yield 33 tonnes of fresh produce per year within a mere 750 sq. meters space-efficient facility (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
GoFarm is another water conserving high-tech farming system. Funded by the Singapore Food Agency (SFA)’s 30X30 Express grant, the Genesis One Tech Farm (GoFarm) vertical farm is a 6.8 m tall 14-tier cultivation rack which can grow 500-600 kg of fresh vegetables within 1,000 square metres (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). Through the use of nutrient film technology and an irrigation system based on the re-circulation of water-based nutrients, the farm consumes 95% less water than deep water-based hydroponic farming (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
The Singapore Food Agency (SFA) is a statutory board created on 1 April 2019 under the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE) as a national food agency covering the duties of food safety and food security in Singapore (SFA, 2025). SFA's vision is simply to provide "Safe food for all" while its mission is the goal to achieve that by ensuring and securing a supply of safe food; and, in doing so, its values are anticipative in having the foresight to act ahead on challenges and capitalize on opportunities (SFA, 2025).
The posture that it wants to adopt is being agile, nimble, responsive, and adaptable to new challenges and, in meeting those challenges, to stay resilient and mission-focused despite hindrances (SFA, 2025). It does not want to go at it alone and so collaboration by builds strong internal and external networks for effective and efficient service delivery (SFA, 2025). Run like a corporate entity, it has net assets of S$86.5 million (US$64.3 million) (SFA, 2024) with 850 staff members (Straits Times, 2018).
Its expectation with regards to food security and climate change is understanding that there is no food security without food safety and that food safety can be ensured with the use of big data to anticipate and detect emerging foodborne risks that can cause food poisoning by collecting data from hospital reports, global alerts, community-based sources and inspection data (Yeung, 2022).
SFA also expects to use next-gen genome sequencing to fingerprint microbial foodborne bacteria DNA for identification and monitoring while conducting market monitoring program through SFA officers to detect foodborne hazards present at the retail end of the supply chain (Yeung, 2022). Automation and robotics are used in labs for the incubation and scanning of bacterial colonies at fast speeds with precision using a high-speed robotic arm to transfer the agar plates from the incubator to the plate scanners (Yeung, 2022).
Droughts and sea water intrusion can threaten the water supply from Johor, Malaysia, which is crucial to Singapore’s sustainability and development (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 11). On the other hand, too much water has also affected Singapore’s vegetable supply. Singapore experienced the impacts of climatic shifts and climate change as extended heavy rains in 2022 led to a shortfall of vegetable supply from the Southeast Asian sources and surged prices of vegetables in Singapore (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
As part of its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) objectives, Singapore has integrated the concept of sustainability into its developmental planning and economic growth since becoming an independent country in 1965, and always with an eye on its vulnerable reliance on foreign sources of food and water (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 23). Conserving its natural environment’s 50% green cover, Singapore tries to mitigate climate stressors and prevent natural disasters fully cognizant of its vulnerability to water and food shortage (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 23).
Climate change as a cause of rising food prices due to regional droughts and crop losses and the scarcity of water supply could increase household expenditures, and impact on the economy of Singapore (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 28). The ongoing inflation and increasing costs of living due to food prices in a free-market capitalist economy like Singapore may wear down and deplete personal savings and welfare provision for the urban poor (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 29).
Cutting down energy use to produce food can translate to reduced costs for consumers. Singaporean GoFarm’s 5th-GenLED lights cuts down on the farm’s electricity use by 70%, and it complements an air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation system that encourages quicker crop growth cycle of 28 to 35 days from seed to harvest (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). Singapore is also cutting down on carbon footprints (compared to conventional animal proteins) through novel food production that requires less land space, facilitated by the Singapore Food Agency’s novel food regulatory framework (consisting of safety evaluations conducted by the SFA before the products are released to the public for consumption) (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
CONCLUDING SECTION: MITIGATION EFFORTS
Singapore is eager to collaborate with others on climate change mitigation due to its dependence on external food and water sources. Partnerships with regional and international stakeholders are essential for managing transboundary risks and addressing challenges through collective, regional approaches (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 30). Singapore also hosts global forums. For example, in 2022, Singapore hosted the yearly Global Summit on Regulatory Science organised by the Global Coalition for Regulatory Science Research that brought together stakeholders from 5 continents to talk about regulations related to food safety and nanotech progress in food production (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
Bilateral efforts are also a key part of Singapore’s outreach. In 2022, Singapore started the GroGrace proof-of-concept farm through a public-private partnership between Singapore and the Netherlands and created multi-layered farm structures that makes full use of limited space to grow more food (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
On the domestic front, Singapore has set the “30 by 30” food resilience goal, aiming to produce 30% of its nutritional needs locally by 2030 using less than 1% of land through highly productive, climate-resilient, and resource-efficient methodologies (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). A long-term strategic plan is re-developing Lim Chu Kang farming area into a robust, high-tech agri-food cluster after organizing interactive feedback engagement sessions with all stakeholders that included the farmers, educators, and nature/environmental groups, which resulted in the idea of building a sustainable agri-food zone (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
In the conceptual thinking of the multi-disciplinary team assembled to craft the Lim Chu Kang masterplan, sustainability was a major theme of consideration while common facilities for agri-production shared by farmers (e.g. wastewater and waste management, distribution and logistics facilities) were inserted into the masterplan for resource utilization efficiency (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). Circularity in recycling farming by-products for utilization by other processes found in the agri-food ecosystem can also be found in the masterplan and awarded to the winner of a non-biased design consultancy tender procedure (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
To train high tech farmers with skills and cultivate talents, the Singapore government mobilized Institutes of Higher Learning (IHLs) and the private sector to train talents in the field and upskill traditional farmers in agriculture and aquaculture sciences, engineering, and info-comm technology for the Lim Chu Kang project (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). For example, Republic Polytechnic awards the Diploma in Environmental & Marine Science to students to develop sustainable, environmental and aquaculture solutions to mitigate climate change that results in diminished agricultural and seafood harvests and/or causes bacterial/disease outbreaks (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
By leveraging urban and suburban spaces and embracing technologies, Singapore is maximizing the potential for high-tech farming. The country is harnessing the Agricultural Revolution 4.0, technologies are used to combat climate change and its impacts on food supply while fostering sustainable food production, e.g. climate-controlled vertical farming for urban Singapore with limited land spaces (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). For example, Sustenir Agriculture urban farming company, funded by Singapore Food Agency (SFA) innovated indoor climate control tech that can grow temperate crops like Tuscan kale, arugula, cherry tomatoes, and strawberries with all-year harvests within an industrial building (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
REFERENCES
Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) Editorial Team and UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) Editorial Team. Disaster Risk Reduction in Singapore Status Report 2020. UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) 2020. Retrieved from https://www.undrr.org/media/48536/download?startDownload=20250114
Seneviratne, Kalinga. Farming in the sky in Singapore. United Nations University (UNU) and Inter Press Service 12 December 2012. Retrieved from https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/farming-in-the-sky-in-singapore
Singapore Food Agency. A sustainable food system for Singapore and beyond. Singapore Food Agency (SFA) 11 November 2022. Retrieved from https://www.sfa.gov.sg/food-for-thought/article/detail/a-sustainable-foo... Food Agency. Financial Statements 2023/2024. Singapore Food Agency, 23 August 2024. Retrieved from https://www.sfa.gov.sg/news-publications/publications/annual-reports
Singapore Food Agency (SFA). Who We Are. SFA, 24 Jan 2025, Retrieved from https://www.sfa.gov.sg/about-us/who-we-are
Straits Times. New stat board Singapore Food Agency to be formed in April 2019. Straits Times, 26 July 2018. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com
Yeung, Johnny. Keeping Food Safe in an Era of Climate Change. Singapore Food Agency (SFA), 21 Jan 2022. Retrieved from https://www.sfa.gov.sg/food-for-thought/article/detail/keeping-food-safe...
Natural Disasters and Climate Change Impacts on Singapore’s Food Supply and its Mitigation Efforts
ABSTRACT
Singaporean Minister for Sustainability and the Environment Grace Fu is worried about the impact of climate change’s dry spells, heatwaves, intense rain, deluge and floods sweeping away farm animals and destroying food stocks all over the world. In addition, Singapore is low-lying and susceptible to rising sea level which can affect critical infrastructure related to food logistics. Thus, erecting rising tidal mitigation barriers is crucial to ensure the smooth delivery of food imports. Any negative impact on food delivery and logistics due to climate change can affect pricing that can burden the citizens of Singapore already facing rising costs and inflation. Droughts and seawater intrusion can also impact water availability in Johor which supplies Singapore with potable water. Excessive water in the form of heavy rains can also destroy regional vegetable crops leading to a supply shortage from Southeast Asian sources for Singapore. Therefore, Singapore is also keen to use technologies to grow their food locally. These technologies may include vertical farms and rooftop gardens. These farms must be water efficient as supply may become limited during drought season. To manage such scenarios, Singapore has built up water reserves, holding reservoirs, desalination plants, and water recycling. Conserving half of its natural green cover, Singapore tries to optimize its rainfall into its water reserves. A long-term plan for producing food locally is the redevelopment of Lim Chu Kang farming area into a high-tech agri-food cluster that comes with state-of-the-art wastewater management systems, by-product recycling and logistics facilities. To train farmers, the Singapore government mobilized Institutes of Higher Learning (IHLs) to disseminate knowledge in aquaculture sciences, engineering, and info-comm technology for the Lim Chu Kang project.
Keywords: climate change, Singapore, natural disaster, technology
BACKGROUND
One of the threats posed by climate change is flooding due to rising sea levels and disruptive weather patterns which could have economic consequences for Singapore. Singapore’s Minister for Sustainability and the Environment Grace Fu has expressed concerns about the impact of natural disasters on the global food system, highlighting how climate change causes extended dry spells and heatwaves that reduce crop yields ultimately decreasing food production globally. Additionally intense rainfall, deluges and floods can sweep away livestock and destroy food stocks worldwide (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
As a low-lying country, Singapore is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels, which requires the island nation to build flood barriers and embankments to protect critical infrastructure (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 8). Given Singapore’s heavy reliance on food imports, efficient logistical systems are essential to deliver the 90% of the country’s food supply that is brought in from abroad (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 8).
In addition to strengthening its delivery systems, Singapore is keen to adopt innovative technologies to grow its own food. To combat the global decline of food production due to climate change, Singapore is collaborating with global stakeholders and the private sector to transform its agri-food industry and ensure a secure food future (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
Lee Sing Kong (former Director of the National Institute of Education and a lobbyist for ‘sky farms’) advocates for Singapore’s dependence on food imports in favor of improving food security especially as extreme weather events and natural disasters (e.g. flooding) are taking a toll on global food production (Seneviratne, 2012). Singapore is turning to vertical urban agriculture (e.g. A Go-Grow’s 38-tiered 9m tall aluminium towers with vegetable-growing troughs powered by recycled water consuming only 60 watts of power per day) and rooftop gardens (Seneviratne, 2012). The aluminium towers produce nai bai (milk cabbage), xiao bai cai (bok choy) and Chinese cabbage to supply NTUC FairPrice (Singapore’s biggest grocery retailer with more than 230 outlets and supermarkets) (Seneviratne, 2012).
Droughts are also a growing concern for Singaporean planners as the country’s reliance on imported food means that, droughts can significantly impact food prices, availability, and harvest yields (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020). Water supply is curtailed during serious drought seasons and, while Singapore can turn to water reserves (e.g. Marina Bay and holding reservoirs), desalination plants and water recycling, 60% of Singapore’s water supply (including those for its small but high-tech farms in Kranji) are dependent on water from the state of Johor in Malaysia (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 11).
HIGH TECH FARMS
Singaporean high-tech farms are exploring innovative agricultural solutions to minimize dependence on water. For example, the GroGrace dry hydroponics system cultivate crops above water for healthier roots, creates a dryer micro-climate for the leaves, and overall promote stressless crop growth to produce a diversity of fresh produce regardless of seasonal weather (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). Through the utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) automation systems and rainwater collection for irrigation and fertilization, GoGrace can yield 33 tonnes of fresh produce per year within a mere 750 sq. meters space-efficient facility (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
GoFarm is another water conserving high-tech farming system. Funded by the Singapore Food Agency (SFA)’s 30X30 Express grant, the Genesis One Tech Farm (GoFarm) vertical farm is a 6.8 m tall 14-tier cultivation rack which can grow 500-600 kg of fresh vegetables within 1,000 square metres (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). Through the use of nutrient film technology and an irrigation system based on the re-circulation of water-based nutrients, the farm consumes 95% less water than deep water-based hydroponic farming (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
The Singapore Food Agency (SFA) is a statutory board created on 1 April 2019 under the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE) as a national food agency covering the duties of food safety and food security in Singapore (SFA, 2025). SFA's vision is simply to provide "Safe food for all" while its mission is the goal to achieve that by ensuring and securing a supply of safe food; and, in doing so, its values are anticipative in having the foresight to act ahead on challenges and capitalize on opportunities (SFA, 2025).
The posture that it wants to adopt is being agile, nimble, responsive, and adaptable to new challenges and, in meeting those challenges, to stay resilient and mission-focused despite hindrances (SFA, 2025). It does not want to go at it alone and so collaboration by builds strong internal and external networks for effective and efficient service delivery (SFA, 2025). Run like a corporate entity, it has net assets of S$86.5 million (US$64.3 million) (SFA, 2024) with 850 staff members (Straits Times, 2018).
Its expectation with regards to food security and climate change is understanding that there is no food security without food safety and that food safety can be ensured with the use of big data to anticipate and detect emerging foodborne risks that can cause food poisoning by collecting data from hospital reports, global alerts, community-based sources and inspection data (Yeung, 2022).
SFA also expects to use next-gen genome sequencing to fingerprint microbial foodborne bacteria DNA for identification and monitoring while conducting market monitoring program through SFA officers to detect foodborne hazards present at the retail end of the supply chain (Yeung, 2022). Automation and robotics are used in labs for the incubation and scanning of bacterial colonies at fast speeds with precision using a high-speed robotic arm to transfer the agar plates from the incubator to the plate scanners (Yeung, 2022).
Droughts and sea water intrusion can threaten the water supply from Johor, Malaysia, which is crucial to Singapore’s sustainability and development (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 11). On the other hand, too much water has also affected Singapore’s vegetable supply. Singapore experienced the impacts of climatic shifts and climate change as extended heavy rains in 2022 led to a shortfall of vegetable supply from the Southeast Asian sources and surged prices of vegetables in Singapore (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
As part of its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) objectives, Singapore has integrated the concept of sustainability into its developmental planning and economic growth since becoming an independent country in 1965, and always with an eye on its vulnerable reliance on foreign sources of food and water (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 23). Conserving its natural environment’s 50% green cover, Singapore tries to mitigate climate stressors and prevent natural disasters fully cognizant of its vulnerability to water and food shortage (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 23).
Climate change as a cause of rising food prices due to regional droughts and crop losses and the scarcity of water supply could increase household expenditures, and impact on the economy of Singapore (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 28). The ongoing inflation and increasing costs of living due to food prices in a free-market capitalist economy like Singapore may wear down and deplete personal savings and welfare provision for the urban poor (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 29).
Cutting down energy use to produce food can translate to reduced costs for consumers. Singaporean GoFarm’s 5th-GenLED lights cuts down on the farm’s electricity use by 70%, and it complements an air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation system that encourages quicker crop growth cycle of 28 to 35 days from seed to harvest (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). Singapore is also cutting down on carbon footprints (compared to conventional animal proteins) through novel food production that requires less land space, facilitated by the Singapore Food Agency’s novel food regulatory framework (consisting of safety evaluations conducted by the SFA before the products are released to the public for consumption) (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
CONCLUDING SECTION: MITIGATION EFFORTS
Singapore is eager to collaborate with others on climate change mitigation due to its dependence on external food and water sources. Partnerships with regional and international stakeholders are essential for managing transboundary risks and addressing challenges through collective, regional approaches (ADPC and UNDRR Editorial Teams, 2020, p. 30). Singapore also hosts global forums. For example, in 2022, Singapore hosted the yearly Global Summit on Regulatory Science organised by the Global Coalition for Regulatory Science Research that brought together stakeholders from 5 continents to talk about regulations related to food safety and nanotech progress in food production (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
Bilateral efforts are also a key part of Singapore’s outreach. In 2022, Singapore started the GroGrace proof-of-concept farm through a public-private partnership between Singapore and the Netherlands and created multi-layered farm structures that makes full use of limited space to grow more food (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
On the domestic front, Singapore has set the “30 by 30” food resilience goal, aiming to produce 30% of its nutritional needs locally by 2030 using less than 1% of land through highly productive, climate-resilient, and resource-efficient methodologies (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). A long-term strategic plan is re-developing Lim Chu Kang farming area into a robust, high-tech agri-food cluster after organizing interactive feedback engagement sessions with all stakeholders that included the farmers, educators, and nature/environmental groups, which resulted in the idea of building a sustainable agri-food zone (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
In the conceptual thinking of the multi-disciplinary team assembled to craft the Lim Chu Kang masterplan, sustainability was a major theme of consideration while common facilities for agri-production shared by farmers (e.g. wastewater and waste management, distribution and logistics facilities) were inserted into the masterplan for resource utilization efficiency (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). Circularity in recycling farming by-products for utilization by other processes found in the agri-food ecosystem can also be found in the masterplan and awarded to the winner of a non-biased design consultancy tender procedure (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
To train high tech farmers with skills and cultivate talents, the Singapore government mobilized Institutes of Higher Learning (IHLs) and the private sector to train talents in the field and upskill traditional farmers in agriculture and aquaculture sciences, engineering, and info-comm technology for the Lim Chu Kang project (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). For example, Republic Polytechnic awards the Diploma in Environmental & Marine Science to students to develop sustainable, environmental and aquaculture solutions to mitigate climate change that results in diminished agricultural and seafood harvests and/or causes bacterial/disease outbreaks (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
By leveraging urban and suburban spaces and embracing technologies, Singapore is maximizing the potential for high-tech farming. The country is harnessing the Agricultural Revolution 4.0, technologies are used to combat climate change and its impacts on food supply while fostering sustainable food production, e.g. climate-controlled vertical farming for urban Singapore with limited land spaces (Singapore Food Agency, 2022). For example, Sustenir Agriculture urban farming company, funded by Singapore Food Agency (SFA) innovated indoor climate control tech that can grow temperate crops like Tuscan kale, arugula, cherry tomatoes, and strawberries with all-year harvests within an industrial building (Singapore Food Agency, 2022).
REFERENCES
Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) Editorial Team and UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) Editorial Team. Disaster Risk Reduction in Singapore Status Report 2020. UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) 2020. Retrieved from https://www.undrr.org/media/48536/download?startDownload=20250114
Seneviratne, Kalinga. Farming in the sky in Singapore. United Nations University (UNU) and Inter Press Service 12 December 2012. Retrieved from https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/farming-in-the-sky-in-singapore
Singapore Food Agency. A sustainable food system for Singapore and beyond. Singapore Food Agency (SFA) 11 November 2022. Retrieved from https://www.sfa.gov.sg/food-for-thought/article/detail/a-sustainable-foo... Food Agency. Financial Statements 2023/2024. Singapore Food Agency, 23 August 2024. Retrieved from https://www.sfa.gov.sg/news-publications/publications/annual-reports
Singapore Food Agency (SFA). Who We Are. SFA, 24 Jan 2025, Retrieved from https://www.sfa.gov.sg/about-us/who-we-are
Straits Times. New stat board Singapore Food Agency to be formed in April 2019. Straits Times, 26 July 2018. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com
Yeung, Johnny. Keeping Food Safe in an Era of Climate Change. Singapore Food Agency (SFA), 21 Jan 2022. Retrieved from https://www.sfa.gov.sg/food-for-thought/article/detail/keeping-food-safe...