ABSTRACT
Thailand’s Fourth Biennial Update Report (BUR4) in 2022 highlights that the agriculture sector is the second-largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, contributing 15.23% of total emissions in 2019. Methane from rice paddies accounts for 50.58% of these emissions, while livestock, mainly due to enteric fermentation, contributes about 24.69%. Thailand’s 2nd Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets a 30-40% reduction in GHG emissions below business-as-usual levels by 2030, with goals for carbon neutrality by 2050 and net-zero emissions by 2065. The country has established a robust monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system to manage its GHG mitigation efforts, overseen by several levels of review. The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC) has introduced a Climate Change Action Plan focused on short-term goals such as improved water management in rice fields, improved livestock manure management, and appropriate use of fertilizers. The Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Project (T-VER) supports carbon trading including projects on the agriculture sector, with Premium T-VER aligning with international standards. Key initiatives like the Thai Rice NAMA (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action) project and the "Strengthening Climate-Smart Rice Farming" program are advancing sustainable rice practices to reduce emissions and boost climate resilience. However, evaluations by the Climate Action Tracker (CAT) suggest that Thailand’s current targets and policies fall short of the Paris Agreement goals. To improve GHG reduction in agriculture, recommendations include encouraging farmers to adopt scientifically and be informed about best practices, enhancing government support, strengthening private sector networks, adjusting pricing strategies, and boosting consumer demand for low-carbon products. Implementing these recommendations in the agriculture sector can help Thailand progress towards its net-zero targets and support global sustainability efforts.
Keywords: agriculture, greenhouse gas mitigation, net-zero emission, Thailand
INTRODUCTION
Thailand’s Forth Biennial Update Report (BUR4) shows that the agriculture sector is the second largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and accounts for 15.23% of the total emissions in 2019 (ONEP, 2022a). Analysis of GHG emissions from the agriculture sector reveals that, since 2007, emissions have remained relatively stable. This stability suggests that agricultural production has experienced only minor changes over this period. Cultivated land is a major contributor to GHG emissions, representing 75.31% of the total emissions within the agriculture sector. Notably, methane emissions from rice paddies account for 50.58% of this total. The livestock sector contributes approximately 24.69% of the emissions, with enteric fermentation being the predominant source.
Thailand's second updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), submitted in 2022, targets a reduction of GHG emissions by 30-40% below the projected business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2030 (ONEP, 2022b). This NDC is the first to include specific targets for reducing emissions from the agriculture sector. In addition, Thailand attempts to reach the long-term goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 and net-zero GHG emission by 2065.
Considering the intensifying severity and frequency of global climate change impacts, it is imperative for all countries and sectors to actively engage in substantial GHG reduction measures. Concurrently, adapting to the unavoidable consequences of climate change is essential, as these impacts are pervasive and cannot be avoided.
THE STATUS OF GHG REDUCTION IN THAILAND’S AGRICULTURE SECTOR
In BUR4 (ONEP, 2022a), Thailand has established a domestic monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system to monitor the implementation of its GHG mitigation roadmap. At the national level, GHG mitigation measures are reviewed and approved by the Working Group on GHG Inventory and Mitigation Measures, the Subcommittee on Climate Change Knowledge and Database, and ultimately the National Committee on Climate Change Policy (NCCC). At the sectoral level, the designated agency verifies activity data and evaluates the effectiveness of measures and policies for monitoring and assessing GHG emissions reductions.
As the agriculture sector has been integrated into Thailand's GHG reduction framework, the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), as the primary agency for this sector, has developed and implemented a Climate Change Action Plan. This plan aims to meet GHG reduction targets and advance various mitigation measures. For the short term, specifically by 2030, the plan targets several key activities to reduce GHG emissions. These include optimizing water management in agricultural areas, especially through alternate wetting and drying (AWD) rice cultivation, managing livestock manure and reducing fertilizer use in cultivation.
The Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization), or TGO, is responsible for advancing the country’s GHG management initiatives. Economically, TGO has developed a market mechanism known as the "Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Project" (T-VER), which supports voluntary GHG emission reductions and carbon credit trading within Thailand. Carbon credits from the T-VER program can be purchased to offset the carbon footprint of organizations, products, events, or individuals, and can be reported in sustainability or annual reports. The T-VER framework currently includes both standard and premium categories of credits. Initially, the Standard T-VER was developed to include GHG reduction projects that address all aspects of emissions and sequestration, encompassing sectors including forestry and agriculture.
Subsequently, the Standard T-VER was upgraded to align with international standards, resulting in the introduction of "Premium T-VER" carbon credits. These high-quality credits contribute to the attainment of NDCs and the targets set by the Paris Agreement (Figure 2a). All processes related to Premium T-VER must adhere to the TACCC principles—Transparency, Accuracy, Consistency, Comparability, and Completeness. Figure 2b illustrates an example of the methodology development for Premium T-VER.
Statistics on T-VER project registrations, as presented in Table 1, show a marked increase in the number of agricultural projects registered for the years 2023-2024. This trend is likely driven by a heightened focus on promoting GHG reduction projects. Many of these projects involve perennial crop cultivation. Additionally, the private sector’s commitment to achieving Net-Zero targets, particularly for agricultural products, necessitates addressing Scope 3 emissions—indirect emissions resulting from organizational activities, especially in agriculture. This has significantly boosted efforts to advance GHG reduction in key agricultural activities.
According to BUR4 (ONEP, 2022a), the Thai Rice NAMA (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action) project, funded by the NAMA Facility and implemented by MOAC and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) from 2018 to 2023, aimed to transition from traditional to sustainable rice cultivation (GAP++). The project targeted 100,000 households in Thailand’s Central Plain, focusing on AWD, site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), and crop residue management. The objective was to reduce GHG emissions by 1.7 million tCO2eq, with an achieved reduction of 160,000 tCO2eq by 2021. The project supported the adoption of AWD, Laser Land Leveling (LLL), SSNM, and crop residue management. The Thai GAP++ standard is in the final stages of approval. Training was provided to 295 officials and 13,220 farmers, covering approximately 63,450 ha, and LLL technology was applied to 151.24 ha for 69 farmers. The Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) managed a pre-finance mechanism, allocating budget for technology implementation.
On October 25, 2023, GIZ received approval for the "Strengthening Climate-Smart Rice Farming" project, the first Green Climate Fund (GCF) initiative of its kind (GCF, 2024). This project focuses on transforming rice production systems through the implementation of circular economy solutions. Over a 5-year period, the project will support more than 250,000 Thai rice farmers and service providers in adopting climate-smart technologies and practices. It will also offer financial products tailored to farmers to promote sustainable rice cultivation. The project aims to reduce methane emissions and water usage in rice farming by mitigating 2.4 million tCO2eq, thereby enhancing the climate resilience of participating farmers.
EVALUATION OF THAILAND’S GHG EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS
The Climate Action Tracker (CAT) is an independent organization that assesses and compares national and international climate commitments against the Paris Agreement goals. It evaluates whether countries' climate pledges and policies are sufficient to limit global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C. Based on the update as of December 22, 2022 (CAT, 2024), Thailand’s climate policies and targets are inadequate for meeting the Paris Agreement’s goals. For example, the country’s emissions are projected to exceed the 2°C limit, falling short of the 1.5°C target. In Long-term low emission development (LT-LED), the commitment to achieve net-zero emissions by 2065-2070 is considered lacking in clarity and ambition, requiring more aggressive measures. For overall assessment, Thailand’s current targets and policies are insufficient to meet international climate goals. More robust and immediate actions are necessary to align with the Paris Agreement and limit global warming to 1.5°C.
According to the evaluation by the CAT, the lack of clearly defined targets or specific contributions from many developing countries, including Thailand, is often considered inadequate. However, from the 2022 evaluation, it is important to note that Thailand is currently refining its GHG reduction plan. This refinement involves implementing more concrete measures across all sectors, including agriculture. The mechanisms for implementing this plan also face an extended domestic approval process, which may delay updates to the GHG reduction targets and the LT-LED.
Despite this, it is crucial to be informed that Thailand has made significant progress in its climate engagement over the past decades. Thailand is in a transitional phase, progressively enhancing its efforts to reduce GHG emissions. It is essential to allow adequate time for Thailand to advance its climate actions across all sectors, ensuring that its contributions are both effective and aligned with global climate objectives. Thailand is actively pursuing its GHG reduction targets and is prepared to adjust them as necessary to address evolving conditions and emerging challenges.
ROLE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACHIEVING GHG REDUCTION IN THAILAND’S AGRICULTURE SECTOR
GHG reduction in the agriculture sector frequently offers additional benefits beyond the primary goal of emission mitigation. These co-benefits often include enhanced climate adaptation, economic advantages such as cost reduction or increased farmer income, and improvements in other aspects of environmental quality. Therefore, when selecting GHG mitigation option, it is crucial to consider these additional factors, alongside the effectiveness of emission reduction, practical feasibility, and farmer acceptance of the practices. GHG mitigation options in agriculture can be broadly classified into two categories: (1) livestock-related activities involving strategies to decrease emissions from enteric fermentation and manage manure effectively, and (2) crop-related activities encompassing methods to reduce emissions from rice cultivation, optimize fertilizer application, and minimize the burning of agricultural residues in the fields. Evaluating these categories ensures that selected activities not only effectively reduce GHGs but also contribute positively to environmental and economic outcomes.
The implementation of GHG reduction strategies in the agriculture sector can be facilitated by various stakeholders, as detailed in the following role recommendations.
For farmers
Farmers should transition from traditional agricultural practices to modern, low-carbon approaches that meet current environmental standards. This shift requires moving beyond conventional methods and adopting a professional, scientifically informed approach to farming. Farmers should assume the role of "local scientists" on their own lands, developing a better understanding of their specific agricultural environments. To facilitate this transition, farmers should:
1. Develop a thorough understanding of their agricultural lands to become self-reliant. Seek knowledge to grow crops or raise livestock that are well-suited to their specific conditions and adhere to appropriate scientific guidelines.
2. Implement new techniques through small-scale experimental plots to evaluate and adapt methods before broader application. This approach allows for the refinement of practices based on empirical evidence. Work with both public and private sectors to advance and integrate innovative practices. Collaboration can provide additional resources, knowledge, and support for implementing effective GHG reduction strategies.
3. Scale up methods that demonstrate success and continuously refine or discard those that prove ineffective.
4. Enhance the perception of agriculture by adopting modern and evidence-based practices to become professional farmers.
For government agencies
Government agencies must exhibit a strong commitment to advancing low-carbon agricultural practices by establishing clearer GHG reduction targets and actively engaging both the private sector and farmers to increase the adoption of these practices. This commitment should ensure equitable outcomes across economic, social, and environmental dimensions.
1. The government agencies should facilitate the dissemination of scientific knowledge and best practices related to low-carbon agriculture. This involves not only educating farmers about the principles and benefits of low-carbon techniques but also providing hands-on training to enhance practical skills. Given the aging demographic of the farming population and the technological aptitude of newer farmers, there is a need to blend traditional agricultural knowledge with modern technological advancements. Establishing and strengthening farmer networks and platforms will support this integration, enhancing the resilience and attractiveness of the farming profession and fostering a new image of agriculture as innovative and forward-thinking.
2. Development efforts must be methodical and phased in to ensure long-term success and stability. Agricultural agencies should work continuously to bolster the capacity of farmers, with clearly defined roles and responsibilities across different organizational units. Effective coordination is crucial for promoting low-carbon practices and ensuring that high-quality agricultural products are effectively integrated into the supply chain. Objectives should be concrete and measurable, extending beyond mere participation in training programs. Given the diversity within the farming community, goals should be practical and achievable through sustained, incremental efforts. Over time, these cumulative efforts will contribute to broader societal progress toward sustainability and improved well-being.
3. Marketing is a fundamental mechanism for establishing a market presence for premium or standardized agricultural products. These products must be strategically positioned across various sales channels, including local markets, community stores, and supermarket shelves, akin to organic agricultural products. To avoid price becoming a barrier, it is essential to keep prices within reach of consumers. Scaling up the production of low-carbon agricultural products can contribute to cost reduction and enhance farmers' negotiating leverage. This expansion necessitates sustained support from governmental bodies.
4. Financial assistance and relief should focus on building knowledge and understanding, and on proactively addressing and mitigating issues in a sustainable manner. This strategy is preferable to providing short-term relief or addressing farmers' debt burdens, which only offers temporary solutions without fostering long-term resilience. A systematic approach to problem-solving and prevention is crucial for developing a robust agricultural sector.
5. Legal adjustments and enforcement may be necessary in certain contexts and regions to protect the collective rights and interests of local communities, regions, and the nation. For example, addressing the severe air pollution caused by agricultural burning in Northern Thailand may require regulatory interventions. The widespread use of technology, particularly smartphones, has facilitated rapid awareness and response to environmental issues, increasing public demand for effective management and enforcement of laws. Implementing such measures is essential for ensuring justice and societal well-being, extending beyond the agriculture sector.
6. Addressing constraints related to access, time limitations, and practical challenges or values of farmers is crucial when these factors conflict with existing regulations and laws. Adapting and realigning practices to fit the current social and environmental context are necessary. This includes updating regulations and practices to address contemporary challenges effectively and reflect evolving realities.
For private sector
To address the pressures exerted on private sector related to agricultural producers, it is imperative to accelerate the implementation of comprehensive GHG reduction strategies encompassing both crop cultivation and livestock farming. The following measures are proposed:
1. Strengthen farmer networks: Develop and facilitate networks of farmers who engage in environmentally sustainable and low-carbon agricultural practices. Such networks will enhance the dissemination of best practices and support the widespread adoption of sustainable methods.
2. Enhance incentives: Provide support for inputs, including organic soil amendments, and implement a pricing strategy that adjusts the purchase price to a premium rate for agricultural products meeting sustainability standards. These incentives may encourage farmers to adopt and sustain environmentally friendly and low-carbon agricultural practices.
3. Ensure equitable income distribution: Develop mechanisms for equitable income distribution to ensure fair living standards for farmers. This approach will not only reinforce farmers' commitment to low-carbon agriculture but also provide benefits to private sector buyers, farmers, and the broader community. This strategy aims to create a mutually beneficial outcome, enhancing overall quality of life and environmental conditions.
For consumers
Consumers are a crucial component of the agricultural supply chain, significantly impacting the adoption and effectiveness of GHG reduction strategies in agriculture. The demand for low-carbon agricultural products is essential for the successful implementation of these strategies; without sufficient consumer interest, the deployment of GHG reduction measures may be hindered or fail to progress.
Raising awareness about the detrimental effects of unsustainable agricultural practices on health, environmental quality, and natural resource depletion can drive consumers to choose products that promote environmental and societal benefits. To ensure the sustainability of this shift, it is crucial that the prices of low-carbon products remain competitive with those of conventional agricultural goods.
Consumer preference for environmentally friendly agricultural products is vital for mitigating global warming impacts on both local and global scales. Such consumer choices can help mitigate issue such as reducing urban flooding, addressing drought challenges in rainfed agricultural areas, and alleviating issues related to haze and PM2.5 pollution in community and urban environments. Additionally, supporting sustainable products helps lower the costs associated with disaster recovery in agricultural regions. Collectively, these consumer behaviors support the health and sustainability of individuals, communities, and the broader environment.
CONCLUSION
Thailand's agriculture sector, a major GHG emitter, shows progress in addressing climate change through the 2nd updated NDC and various initiatives. While the sector contributes significantly to GHGs, with rice paddies and livestock being major sources, Thailand’s goals include reducing emissions by 30-40% by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Despite these targets, evaluations suggest that Thailand’s current policies need to be more ambitious to meet the Paris Agreement goals. Key initiatives, like the Thai Rice NAMA project and the T-VER, aim to support sustainable practices and significant emissions reductions. Success in reducing GHGs will depend on strong collaboration among farmers, government agencies, the private sector, and consumers. Farmers are encouraged to adopt low-carbon practices, while government agencies are responsible for advancing scientific knowledge, strengthening the agricultural value chain, and addressing barriers to these practices. The private sector should support farmers through better pricing and fair income distribution, and consumer demand for sustainable products is crucial. To achieve Thailand’s net-zero emission goals, it will be essential to coordinate efforts and continuously adapt strategies to ensure effective GHG reductions and support global climate resilience.
REFERENCES
Climate Action Tracker. (2024). Thailand. Retrieved from https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/thailand/targets/
Green Climate Fund. (2024). Thai rice: Strengthening climate-smart rice farming. Retrieved from https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp214
Thailand Greenhouse Gas Organization. (2024). T-VER. Retrieved from https://ghgreduction.tgo.or.th/en/t-ver-en.html
UNFCCC, Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. (2022a). Thailand first NDC (2nd updated submission). Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/documents/620602
UNFCCC, Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. (2022b). Thailand: Biennial update report (BUR4). Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/documents/624750
Pathways to Net-Zero: Enhancing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Thailand’s Agriculture Sector
ABSTRACT
Thailand’s Fourth Biennial Update Report (BUR4) in 2022 highlights that the agriculture sector is the second-largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, contributing 15.23% of total emissions in 2019. Methane from rice paddies accounts for 50.58% of these emissions, while livestock, mainly due to enteric fermentation, contributes about 24.69%. Thailand’s 2nd Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets a 30-40% reduction in GHG emissions below business-as-usual levels by 2030, with goals for carbon neutrality by 2050 and net-zero emissions by 2065. The country has established a robust monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system to manage its GHG mitigation efforts, overseen by several levels of review. The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC) has introduced a Climate Change Action Plan focused on short-term goals such as improved water management in rice fields, improved livestock manure management, and appropriate use of fertilizers. The Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Project (T-VER) supports carbon trading including projects on the agriculture sector, with Premium T-VER aligning with international standards. Key initiatives like the Thai Rice NAMA (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action) project and the "Strengthening Climate-Smart Rice Farming" program are advancing sustainable rice practices to reduce emissions and boost climate resilience. However, evaluations by the Climate Action Tracker (CAT) suggest that Thailand’s current targets and policies fall short of the Paris Agreement goals. To improve GHG reduction in agriculture, recommendations include encouraging farmers to adopt scientifically and be informed about best practices, enhancing government support, strengthening private sector networks, adjusting pricing strategies, and boosting consumer demand for low-carbon products. Implementing these recommendations in the agriculture sector can help Thailand progress towards its net-zero targets and support global sustainability efforts.
Keywords: agriculture, greenhouse gas mitigation, net-zero emission, Thailand
INTRODUCTION
Thailand’s Forth Biennial Update Report (BUR4) shows that the agriculture sector is the second largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and accounts for 15.23% of the total emissions in 2019 (ONEP, 2022a). Analysis of GHG emissions from the agriculture sector reveals that, since 2007, emissions have remained relatively stable. This stability suggests that agricultural production has experienced only minor changes over this period. Cultivated land is a major contributor to GHG emissions, representing 75.31% of the total emissions within the agriculture sector. Notably, methane emissions from rice paddies account for 50.58% of this total. The livestock sector contributes approximately 24.69% of the emissions, with enteric fermentation being the predominant source.
Thailand's second updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), submitted in 2022, targets a reduction of GHG emissions by 30-40% below the projected business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2030 (ONEP, 2022b). This NDC is the first to include specific targets for reducing emissions from the agriculture sector. In addition, Thailand attempts to reach the long-term goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 and net-zero GHG emission by 2065.
Considering the intensifying severity and frequency of global climate change impacts, it is imperative for all countries and sectors to actively engage in substantial GHG reduction measures. Concurrently, adapting to the unavoidable consequences of climate change is essential, as these impacts are pervasive and cannot be avoided.
THE STATUS OF GHG REDUCTION IN THAILAND’S AGRICULTURE SECTOR
In BUR4 (ONEP, 2022a), Thailand has established a domestic monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system to monitor the implementation of its GHG mitigation roadmap. At the national level, GHG mitigation measures are reviewed and approved by the Working Group on GHG Inventory and Mitigation Measures, the Subcommittee on Climate Change Knowledge and Database, and ultimately the National Committee on Climate Change Policy (NCCC). At the sectoral level, the designated agency verifies activity data and evaluates the effectiveness of measures and policies for monitoring and assessing GHG emissions reductions.
As the agriculture sector has been integrated into Thailand's GHG reduction framework, the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), as the primary agency for this sector, has developed and implemented a Climate Change Action Plan. This plan aims to meet GHG reduction targets and advance various mitigation measures. For the short term, specifically by 2030, the plan targets several key activities to reduce GHG emissions. These include optimizing water management in agricultural areas, especially through alternate wetting and drying (AWD) rice cultivation, managing livestock manure and reducing fertilizer use in cultivation.
The Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization), or TGO, is responsible for advancing the country’s GHG management initiatives. Economically, TGO has developed a market mechanism known as the "Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Project" (T-VER), which supports voluntary GHG emission reductions and carbon credit trading within Thailand. Carbon credits from the T-VER program can be purchased to offset the carbon footprint of organizations, products, events, or individuals, and can be reported in sustainability or annual reports. The T-VER framework currently includes both standard and premium categories of credits. Initially, the Standard T-VER was developed to include GHG reduction projects that address all aspects of emissions and sequestration, encompassing sectors including forestry and agriculture.
Subsequently, the Standard T-VER was upgraded to align with international standards, resulting in the introduction of "Premium T-VER" carbon credits. These high-quality credits contribute to the attainment of NDCs and the targets set by the Paris Agreement (Figure 2a). All processes related to Premium T-VER must adhere to the TACCC principles—Transparency, Accuracy, Consistency, Comparability, and Completeness. Figure 2b illustrates an example of the methodology development for Premium T-VER.
Statistics on T-VER project registrations, as presented in Table 1, show a marked increase in the number of agricultural projects registered for the years 2023-2024. This trend is likely driven by a heightened focus on promoting GHG reduction projects. Many of these projects involve perennial crop cultivation. Additionally, the private sector’s commitment to achieving Net-Zero targets, particularly for agricultural products, necessitates addressing Scope 3 emissions—indirect emissions resulting from organizational activities, especially in agriculture. This has significantly boosted efforts to advance GHG reduction in key agricultural activities.
According to BUR4 (ONEP, 2022a), the Thai Rice NAMA (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action) project, funded by the NAMA Facility and implemented by MOAC and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) from 2018 to 2023, aimed to transition from traditional to sustainable rice cultivation (GAP++). The project targeted 100,000 households in Thailand’s Central Plain, focusing on AWD, site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), and crop residue management. The objective was to reduce GHG emissions by 1.7 million tCO2eq, with an achieved reduction of 160,000 tCO2eq by 2021. The project supported the adoption of AWD, Laser Land Leveling (LLL), SSNM, and crop residue management. The Thai GAP++ standard is in the final stages of approval. Training was provided to 295 officials and 13,220 farmers, covering approximately 63,450 ha, and LLL technology was applied to 151.24 ha for 69 farmers. The Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) managed a pre-finance mechanism, allocating budget for technology implementation.
On October 25, 2023, GIZ received approval for the "Strengthening Climate-Smart Rice Farming" project, the first Green Climate Fund (GCF) initiative of its kind (GCF, 2024). This project focuses on transforming rice production systems through the implementation of circular economy solutions. Over a 5-year period, the project will support more than 250,000 Thai rice farmers and service providers in adopting climate-smart technologies and practices. It will also offer financial products tailored to farmers to promote sustainable rice cultivation. The project aims to reduce methane emissions and water usage in rice farming by mitigating 2.4 million tCO2eq, thereby enhancing the climate resilience of participating farmers.
EVALUATION OF THAILAND’S GHG EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS
The Climate Action Tracker (CAT) is an independent organization that assesses and compares national and international climate commitments against the Paris Agreement goals. It evaluates whether countries' climate pledges and policies are sufficient to limit global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C. Based on the update as of December 22, 2022 (CAT, 2024), Thailand’s climate policies and targets are inadequate for meeting the Paris Agreement’s goals. For example, the country’s emissions are projected to exceed the 2°C limit, falling short of the 1.5°C target. In Long-term low emission development (LT-LED), the commitment to achieve net-zero emissions by 2065-2070 is considered lacking in clarity and ambition, requiring more aggressive measures. For overall assessment, Thailand’s current targets and policies are insufficient to meet international climate goals. More robust and immediate actions are necessary to align with the Paris Agreement and limit global warming to 1.5°C.
According to the evaluation by the CAT, the lack of clearly defined targets or specific contributions from many developing countries, including Thailand, is often considered inadequate. However, from the 2022 evaluation, it is important to note that Thailand is currently refining its GHG reduction plan. This refinement involves implementing more concrete measures across all sectors, including agriculture. The mechanisms for implementing this plan also face an extended domestic approval process, which may delay updates to the GHG reduction targets and the LT-LED.
Despite this, it is crucial to be informed that Thailand has made significant progress in its climate engagement over the past decades. Thailand is in a transitional phase, progressively enhancing its efforts to reduce GHG emissions. It is essential to allow adequate time for Thailand to advance its climate actions across all sectors, ensuring that its contributions are both effective and aligned with global climate objectives. Thailand is actively pursuing its GHG reduction targets and is prepared to adjust them as necessary to address evolving conditions and emerging challenges.
ROLE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACHIEVING GHG REDUCTION IN THAILAND’S AGRICULTURE SECTOR
GHG reduction in the agriculture sector frequently offers additional benefits beyond the primary goal of emission mitigation. These co-benefits often include enhanced climate adaptation, economic advantages such as cost reduction or increased farmer income, and improvements in other aspects of environmental quality. Therefore, when selecting GHG mitigation option, it is crucial to consider these additional factors, alongside the effectiveness of emission reduction, practical feasibility, and farmer acceptance of the practices. GHG mitigation options in agriculture can be broadly classified into two categories: (1) livestock-related activities involving strategies to decrease emissions from enteric fermentation and manage manure effectively, and (2) crop-related activities encompassing methods to reduce emissions from rice cultivation, optimize fertilizer application, and minimize the burning of agricultural residues in the fields. Evaluating these categories ensures that selected activities not only effectively reduce GHGs but also contribute positively to environmental and economic outcomes.
The implementation of GHG reduction strategies in the agriculture sector can be facilitated by various stakeholders, as detailed in the following role recommendations.
For farmers
Farmers should transition from traditional agricultural practices to modern, low-carbon approaches that meet current environmental standards. This shift requires moving beyond conventional methods and adopting a professional, scientifically informed approach to farming. Farmers should assume the role of "local scientists" on their own lands, developing a better understanding of their specific agricultural environments. To facilitate this transition, farmers should:
1. Develop a thorough understanding of their agricultural lands to become self-reliant. Seek knowledge to grow crops or raise livestock that are well-suited to their specific conditions and adhere to appropriate scientific guidelines.
2. Implement new techniques through small-scale experimental plots to evaluate and adapt methods before broader application. This approach allows for the refinement of practices based on empirical evidence. Work with both public and private sectors to advance and integrate innovative practices. Collaboration can provide additional resources, knowledge, and support for implementing effective GHG reduction strategies.
3. Scale up methods that demonstrate success and continuously refine or discard those that prove ineffective.
4. Enhance the perception of agriculture by adopting modern and evidence-based practices to become professional farmers.
For government agencies
Government agencies must exhibit a strong commitment to advancing low-carbon agricultural practices by establishing clearer GHG reduction targets and actively engaging both the private sector and farmers to increase the adoption of these practices. This commitment should ensure equitable outcomes across economic, social, and environmental dimensions.
1. The government agencies should facilitate the dissemination of scientific knowledge and best practices related to low-carbon agriculture. This involves not only educating farmers about the principles and benefits of low-carbon techniques but also providing hands-on training to enhance practical skills. Given the aging demographic of the farming population and the technological aptitude of newer farmers, there is a need to blend traditional agricultural knowledge with modern technological advancements. Establishing and strengthening farmer networks and platforms will support this integration, enhancing the resilience and attractiveness of the farming profession and fostering a new image of agriculture as innovative and forward-thinking.
2. Development efforts must be methodical and phased in to ensure long-term success and stability. Agricultural agencies should work continuously to bolster the capacity of farmers, with clearly defined roles and responsibilities across different organizational units. Effective coordination is crucial for promoting low-carbon practices and ensuring that high-quality agricultural products are effectively integrated into the supply chain. Objectives should be concrete and measurable, extending beyond mere participation in training programs. Given the diversity within the farming community, goals should be practical and achievable through sustained, incremental efforts. Over time, these cumulative efforts will contribute to broader societal progress toward sustainability and improved well-being.
3. Marketing is a fundamental mechanism for establishing a market presence for premium or standardized agricultural products. These products must be strategically positioned across various sales channels, including local markets, community stores, and supermarket shelves, akin to organic agricultural products. To avoid price becoming a barrier, it is essential to keep prices within reach of consumers. Scaling up the production of low-carbon agricultural products can contribute to cost reduction and enhance farmers' negotiating leverage. This expansion necessitates sustained support from governmental bodies.
4. Financial assistance and relief should focus on building knowledge and understanding, and on proactively addressing and mitigating issues in a sustainable manner. This strategy is preferable to providing short-term relief or addressing farmers' debt burdens, which only offers temporary solutions without fostering long-term resilience. A systematic approach to problem-solving and prevention is crucial for developing a robust agricultural sector.
5. Legal adjustments and enforcement may be necessary in certain contexts and regions to protect the collective rights and interests of local communities, regions, and the nation. For example, addressing the severe air pollution caused by agricultural burning in Northern Thailand may require regulatory interventions. The widespread use of technology, particularly smartphones, has facilitated rapid awareness and response to environmental issues, increasing public demand for effective management and enforcement of laws. Implementing such measures is essential for ensuring justice and societal well-being, extending beyond the agriculture sector.
6. Addressing constraints related to access, time limitations, and practical challenges or values of farmers is crucial when these factors conflict with existing regulations and laws. Adapting and realigning practices to fit the current social and environmental context are necessary. This includes updating regulations and practices to address contemporary challenges effectively and reflect evolving realities.
For private sector
To address the pressures exerted on private sector related to agricultural producers, it is imperative to accelerate the implementation of comprehensive GHG reduction strategies encompassing both crop cultivation and livestock farming. The following measures are proposed:
1. Strengthen farmer networks: Develop and facilitate networks of farmers who engage in environmentally sustainable and low-carbon agricultural practices. Such networks will enhance the dissemination of best practices and support the widespread adoption of sustainable methods.
2. Enhance incentives: Provide support for inputs, including organic soil amendments, and implement a pricing strategy that adjusts the purchase price to a premium rate for agricultural products meeting sustainability standards. These incentives may encourage farmers to adopt and sustain environmentally friendly and low-carbon agricultural practices.
3. Ensure equitable income distribution: Develop mechanisms for equitable income distribution to ensure fair living standards for farmers. This approach will not only reinforce farmers' commitment to low-carbon agriculture but also provide benefits to private sector buyers, farmers, and the broader community. This strategy aims to create a mutually beneficial outcome, enhancing overall quality of life and environmental conditions.
For consumers
Consumers are a crucial component of the agricultural supply chain, significantly impacting the adoption and effectiveness of GHG reduction strategies in agriculture. The demand for low-carbon agricultural products is essential for the successful implementation of these strategies; without sufficient consumer interest, the deployment of GHG reduction measures may be hindered or fail to progress.
Raising awareness about the detrimental effects of unsustainable agricultural practices on health, environmental quality, and natural resource depletion can drive consumers to choose products that promote environmental and societal benefits. To ensure the sustainability of this shift, it is crucial that the prices of low-carbon products remain competitive with those of conventional agricultural goods.
Consumer preference for environmentally friendly agricultural products is vital for mitigating global warming impacts on both local and global scales. Such consumer choices can help mitigate issue such as reducing urban flooding, addressing drought challenges in rainfed agricultural areas, and alleviating issues related to haze and PM2.5 pollution in community and urban environments. Additionally, supporting sustainable products helps lower the costs associated with disaster recovery in agricultural regions. Collectively, these consumer behaviors support the health and sustainability of individuals, communities, and the broader environment.
CONCLUSION
Thailand's agriculture sector, a major GHG emitter, shows progress in addressing climate change through the 2nd updated NDC and various initiatives. While the sector contributes significantly to GHGs, with rice paddies and livestock being major sources, Thailand’s goals include reducing emissions by 30-40% by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Despite these targets, evaluations suggest that Thailand’s current policies need to be more ambitious to meet the Paris Agreement goals. Key initiatives, like the Thai Rice NAMA project and the T-VER, aim to support sustainable practices and significant emissions reductions. Success in reducing GHGs will depend on strong collaboration among farmers, government agencies, the private sector, and consumers. Farmers are encouraged to adopt low-carbon practices, while government agencies are responsible for advancing scientific knowledge, strengthening the agricultural value chain, and addressing barriers to these practices. The private sector should support farmers through better pricing and fair income distribution, and consumer demand for sustainable products is crucial. To achieve Thailand’s net-zero emission goals, it will be essential to coordinate efforts and continuously adapt strategies to ensure effective GHG reductions and support global climate resilience.
REFERENCES
Climate Action Tracker. (2024). Thailand. Retrieved from https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/thailand/targets/
Green Climate Fund. (2024). Thai rice: Strengthening climate-smart rice farming. Retrieved from https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp214
Thailand Greenhouse Gas Organization. (2024). T-VER. Retrieved from https://ghgreduction.tgo.or.th/en/t-ver-en.html
UNFCCC, Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. (2022a). Thailand first NDC (2nd updated submission). Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/documents/620602
UNFCCC, Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. (2022b). Thailand: Biennial update report (BUR4). Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/documents/624750